ISMRM 21st Annual Meeting & Exhibition 20-26 April 2013 Salt Lake City, Utah, USA

ELECTRONIC POSTER SESSION • FUNCTIONAL MRI (NEURO)
3220 -3242 fMRI Applications In Neuroscience
3243 -3266 fMRI: Basics, Modalities & Analysis
3267 -3290 Resting State Connectivity: Methods
3291 -3313 Resting State Connectivity: Applications
3314 -3337 fMRI Acquisition Methods
3338 -3361 fMRI: Physiological Noise & Beyond BOLD

ELECTRONIC POSTER SESSION • FUNCTIONAL MRI (NEURO)
Monday, 22 April 2013 (16:30-17:30) Exhibition Hall
fMRI Applications In Neuroscience

  Computer #  
3220.   1 T1? Response to the Activity-Dependent Localized Acidosis
Hye-Young Heo1,2, Casey P. Johnson1, Daniel R. Thedens1, John A. Wemmie3,4, and Vincent A. Magnotta1,3
1Department of Radiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States, 2Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States, 3Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States, 4Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States

 
The purpose of this study is to measure the change of T1ρ response to the activity-dependent localized acidosis. We used a flashing checkerboard with different temporal frequencies of 1, 4, and 7Hz to evaluate if dynamicT1ρ imaging responds to the varied degree of neuronal activity. In addition, 31P spectroscopy was used to validate pH changes in visual cortex during visual fixation and visual stimulation with the different temporal frequencies. We found that the magnitude of the T1ρ response was proportional to the stimulus intensity induced by the change of the temporal frequencies. Furthermore, brain pH estimated by 31P spectroscopy in the visual cortex was found to decrease with the temporal frequency. Consequently, it suggests that T1ρ and pH changes depend on the degree of neuronal activity.

 
3221.   2 The Relationship Between Neurotransmitter Levels, BOLD Changes and Neural Oscillations in Primary Motor Cortex.
Mary C. Stephenson1, SoYoung Kim2, Matthew J. Brookes1, Steve Jackson2, and Peter G. Morris1
1School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom, 2School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom

 
While functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) is an extremely useful tool for investigating functional changes and connectivity in the brain, the exact mechanisms underlying the signal is unclear. In this study we have related stimulus induced (SI) BOLD changes to neural oscillations measured using magnetoencephalography, and neurotransmitter levels, measured using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We show that BOLD changes in M1 can be predicted by the amplitude of the post-movement lower case Greek beta-rebound, and to the concentration of lower case Greek gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). In addition we show that lower case Greek gamma-band neural oscillations are related to both GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission, whereas lower case Greek beta-band changes are GABAergic.

 
3222.   3 A Pharmaco-fMRI Study on Pain Networks Induced by Electrical Stimulation After Sumatriptan Injection
Yuan Wang1, Ming Zhang1, Netra Rana1, Chenwang Jin1, and Shaohui Ma1
1Department of Medical Imaging, First Affiliated Hospital of medical college of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China

 
1. Sumatriptan plays a major role in emotion and minor functions related to sensory discrimination. 2. Subcutaneous injections of sumatriptan into healthy volunteers induce uncomfortable sensation and unpleasant emotion represented by visual analogue scale (VAS) and short-form McGill pain questionnaire (SF-MPQ), respectively. 3. Mild noxious electrical stimuli with sumatriptan administration mainly evoke activations in medial pain system, while the same stimuli with saline injection primarily activate brain regions in lateral pain system.

 
3223.   5 Effect of Parasympathetic Stimulation on Brain Activity During Emotional Processing
Barbara Basile1, Andrea Bassi2, Giovanni Calcagnini3, Emiliano Macaluso1, Angelica Piccolomini2, Carlo Caltagirone4, and Marco Bozzali1
1Neuroimaging Laboratory, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy, Italy, 2Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy, Italy, 33Department of Technology and Health, Italian Institute of Health, Rome, Italy, Italy, 4Department of Neuroscience, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, Rome, Italy, Italy

 
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is well known in its peripheral functioning, while its central effects are still rather obscure. We present here a novel method that, using fMRI and a parasympathetic stimulation of the carotid baroreceptors, allows to investigate brain activity by a direct perturbation of the ANS. We provide here new evidence that ANS perturbation induces expected peripheral responses together with modulation of brain activity in different regions, during an explicit emotional processing task.

 
3224.   6 Brain Activation Associated with the Anxiety-Inducing Distractor in Working Memory Maintenance in Patients with Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Chung-Man Moon1, Moo-Suk Lee2, Heoung-Keun Kang3, Jong-Chul Yang4, and Gwang-Woo Jeong1,3
1Interdisciplinary Program of Biomedical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea, 2Psychiatry, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea, 3Radiology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea, 4Psychiatry, Chonbuk National Universty Hosptal, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, Korea

 
General anxiety disorder (GAD) affects cognitive function in combination with the process and regulation of emotion. In general, patients with GAD have more difficulty in identifying their own emotions and understanding of emotional experience as compared with healthy controls. Recent studies have investigated the neural activation associated with cognitive processing in response to visual stimulation with facial images in health controls and patients with GAD, and revealed that the cognitive function of facial expression in patients with GAD was impaired. The purpose of this study is to investigate the neuroanatomy associated with the effect of anxiety-inducing distractor during the delayed-response working memory (WM) task in patients with GAD.

 
3225.   7 A Framework for Investigating Decision-Making in the Brain with High Spatio-Temporal Resolution Using Simultaneous EEG/fMRI and Joint ICA
Sreenath Pruthviraj Kyathanahally1, Nurhan Erbil1, Ana Maria Franco-Watkins2, Xiaoxia Zhang1, Vince D. Calhoun3,4, and Gopikrishna Deshpande1,2
1AU MRI Research Center, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States, 2Department of Psychology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States, 3The Mind Research Network and Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, United States, 4Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States

 
Many decisions involve making intertemporal choices but the basic mechanisms underlying intertemporal choice remain poorly understood and under-examined.In this study, we investigate the spatio-temporal dynamics of neural substrates of intertemporal decision making by acquiring simultaneous EEG/fMRI along with a novel decision making paradigm that relies on rewards and costs with varying probabilities.Six participants completed different decision tasks and the simultaneous EEG/fMRI data was acquired. A first level analysis followed by second level analysis was done .Results showed the reward-related positivity and negativity, both prior to and after the decision making point.

 
3226.   8 Structural and Functional Changes of Hippocampus in Long Life Experienced Taxi Driver
Geon-Ho Jahng1, Kyung-Mi Lee2, Myung-Won You2, Eo-Jin Hwang3, Min-Ji Kim3, Hyug-Gi Kim4, Dong-Kyun Lee5, Jong-Min Lee5, Chang-Woo Ryu1, Wook Jin1, Dal-Mo Yang1, and Ji Seon Park6
1Radiology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Seoul, Korea, 2Radiology, Graduate College of of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Seoul, Korea, 3Radiology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul, Seoul, Korea, 4Biomedical Engineering, Graduate College of Electronics and Information, Kyung Hee University, Youngin, Gyeonggi-do, Korea, 5Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Seoul, Korea,6Radiology, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Seoul, Korea

 
The objective of this study was to investigate the differences of hippocampal volume and shape as well as the functional change between long life experienced taxi drivers and controls of Korean population. Three-dimensional T1-weighted images and blood oxygen level dependent functional MRI(fMRI) were obtained from 8 subjects, consisting of 4 experienced (20 - 30 years) taxi drivers and 4 age-matched controls. The hippocampal volume and shape were analyzed with three-dimensional T1-weighted images. In addition, neuronal activities of brain were analyzed using a blood oxygen level dependent fMRI between the two groups.

 
3227.   9 Neural Correlates of Mathematics Competence in Children: A Functional MRI Study
John Y.S. Cheng1,2, Wing P. Chan3,4, Pei-Shan Ho2,5, Ho-Ling Liu5, and Chun-Yen Chang2
1Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Taiwan, 2Graduate Institue of Science Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan, Taiwan, 3Department of Radiology, Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Taiwan, 4School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Taiwan, 5Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taipei, Taiwan, Taiwan

 
This study aimed to investigate the correlation between mathematic competence and task-related brain activity and functional connectivity using fMRI in young children. Twenty-nine children performed a mathematic test according to their grades after underwent the fMRI with the task of simple serial addition (SSA) and resting-state (RS) fMRI. We found that task-related functional activation in left anterior insula (AI) and functional connectivity in the salience network were negatively correlated with mathematic scores of the subjects. The results showed evidence on the relationship between the cognitive performances of mathematics and functional neural images.

 
3228.   10 Olfactory Neural Network Disruption in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD): A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study
Prasanna Karunanayaka1, Megha Patel1, Jian-Li Wang1, Sarah Molitoris1, Paul Eslinger2, and Qing X. Yang1
1Radiology, Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States, 2Neurology, Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States

 
Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) usually exhibit olfactory deficits. It has been shown that these deficits occur well before the appearance of overt memory loss. Therefore, olfactory-related network studies have received considerable attention in recent years. However, a majority of these studies have not employed advanced neural network analysis techniques and instead emphasized on a few olfactory-related brain regions. The approach presented in this paper highlights the advantage of analyzing olfaction in terms of cognitive modules that can capture the underlying network dynamics.

 
3229.   11 Adaptations in Cortical Activations in Early, Late Blind Individuals Reading Braille
Ankeeta Sharma1, S. Senthil Kumaran1, Rohit Saxena2, Garima Shukla3, Vishnu Sreenivas4, and Naranamangalam R. Jagannathan1
1Department of NMR, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India, 2Department of R.P.Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India, 3Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India, 4Department of Bio-Statistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India

 
Alteration in the visual and neural pathway persistence in early and late blind subjects during the cognitive processes would help in understanding the learning abilities of blind subjects and their training requirements. This can be assistance in their quality of life and adaptability to the surroundings. Functional imaging of congenital and late blind patients showed a cross-modal recruitment of the occipital cortex during the realization perceptual tasks such as Braille reading, tactile perception and spatial exploration.

 
3230.   12 Varying Frequencies of Flickering Checkerboard in Anisometropic Amblyopes: An fMRI Study
Reena Singh1, S. Senthil Kumaran2, Rohit Saxena1, Vimla Menon1, and Pradeep Sharma1
1Dr.R.P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India, 2Department of NMR, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India

 
Visual acuity is decreased in one or both eyes in Amblyopia. We studied BOLD responses on visual stimulation using black and white checkerboard flickering at different frequencies (4, 8 and12 Hz) in unilateral Anisometropic Amblyopes and observed the maximum visual cortex BOLD activation observed at 8 Hz correlates.

 
3231.   13 A fMRI Study in AnisometropicAmblyopes Before and During Occlusion Therapy: Comparison 0f Responders and Non Responders on Basis of Cortical Activity Pattern
S. Senthil Kumaran1, Reena Singh2, Rohit Saxena2, Vimla Menon2, and Pradeep Sharma2
1Department of NMR, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India, 2Dr.R.P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India

 
BOLD response on visual stimulation of flickering checkerboard at 8 Hz could predict the response to occlusion therapy.

 
3232.   14 Neurocognitive Alteration Associated with Auditory Tasks in Early and Late Blind Subjects
Ankeeta Sharma1, S. Senthil Kumaran1, Rohit Saxena2, Garima Shukla3, Vishnu Sreenivas4, and Naranamangalam R. Jagannathan1
1Department of NMR, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India, 2Department of R.P.Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India, 3Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India, 4Department of Bio-Statistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Delhi, India

 
Perceiving the world without any visual cue in total absence of vision must often be based on verbal descriptions of events (for instance, following cricket on the radio). Congenitally blind people are therefore likely to depend more on memory in general, and on verbal memory in particular, to interact with the world. Visual cortex in blind subjects is also recruited for auditory processing and for nonvisual cognitive functions, providing further demonstrations that visual cortices can be reorganized to mediate nonvisual functions in the blind.

 
3233.   15 fMRI Study of Sound Pressure Level Encoding in the Different Subdivisions of Inferior Colliculus
Jevin W. Zhang1,2, Condon Lau1, Joe S. Cheng1,2, Iris Y. Zhou1,2, Matthew M. Cheung1, and Ed X. Wu1,2
1Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China, 2Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China

 
In all mammals, the inferior colliculus (IC) is the major midbrain nucleus for integration of auditory information from the brainstem. It is composed of a central nucleus (CIC) adjacent to the external cortical nucleus (ECIC). One important piece of physical auditory information is intensity, which is customarily reported as sound pressure level (SPL). In our study, the BOLD signal changes increase with SPL in both the ECIC and CIC, but the slope in the ECIC is significantly higher than that in the CIC possibly due to a greater fraction of monotonic neurons in the ECIC.

 
3234.   16 Direct Non-Invasive MRI Measurement of the Absolute CBV-CBF Relationship During Sensory-Motor and Auditory Stimulation in Normal Humans -permission withheld
Pelin Aksit Ciris1, Maolin Qiu1, and Robert Todd Constable1
1Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States

 
BOLD signal reflects changes in CBV, CBF, blood oxygenation and metabolism, the quantification and physiological interpretation of which typically assumes that CBV=0.88CBF0.38 based on PET monkey measurements by Grubb et al. In this study, the absolute CBV-CBF relationship was measured directly in MRI non-invasively on 15 volunteers during sensory-motor and auditory stimulation. Measurements were within physiologically expected ranges, consistent with prior publications. Non-invasive characterization of the CBV-CBF relationship in humans under various metabolic or functional challenges can advance understanding of fMRI signal mechanisms, with further potential clinical utility in vascular state or treatment monitoring.

 
3235.   17 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Central Auditory System Following Long-Term and Passive Acoustic Exposure at Moderate Sound Pressure Level
Condon Lau1, Jevin W. Zhang2, Joe S. Cheng2, Iris Y. Zhou2, and Ed X. Wu2,3
1Division of Biomedical Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, HKSAR, China, 2Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, HKSAR, China, 3Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, HKSAR, China

 
Recent electrophysiology studies showed that long-term and passive acoustic exposures at moderate sound pressure levels affect auditory cortex function. Such exposures also affect health and task performance. We employ fMRI to study changes in subcortical function in an established rat exposure model. The results show fMRI signal amplitude is lower in the auditory cortex of exposure animals, in agreement with electrophysiology. Signal is higher in the inferior colliculus and medial geniculate body of exposure animals. The subcortical functional changes may reflect changes in corticofugal modulation. Future fMRI studies will further examine subcortical changes following pharmacological manipulations and different exposures.

 
3236.   
18 Deep Brain Stimulation at the Subthalamic Nucleus Produces fMRI Response in the Motor Cortex
Hsin-Yi Lai1, John Robert Younce1, Yu-Chieh Jill Kao1, Hong Yuan2, and Yen-Yu Ian Shih1
1Experimental Neuroimaging Laboraory, Department of Neurology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States, 2Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States

 
This study demonstrates unexpected BOLD fMRI response in the motor cortex as a result of DBS at the STN. This response is frequency dependent, peaking at 100 Hz with increased glucose metabolism as confirmed by FDG-microPET. This pattern of frequency-dependence suggests a relationship to the therapeutic effect of STN DBS for Parkinson’s disease which may be further investigated by the use of this technique in parkinsonian animal models.

 
3237.   19 Deep Brain Stimulation fMRI with a Home-Made Two-Channel Tungsten Microwire Electrode
Hsin-Yi Lai1, John Robert Younce1, Yu-Chieh Jill Kao1, and Yen-Yu Ian Shih1
1Experimental Neuroimaging Laboraory, Department of Neurology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States

 
This study demonstrates the feasibility of tungsten microwire electrode for DBS fMRI, showing reduced susceptibility artifact, sufficient flexibility and robust BOLD fMRI responses in rats. Similar frequency dependency was found under isoflurane anesthesia and á-chloralose sedation.

 
3238.   20 Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Modulates Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Signal Activity in the Rodent Brain -permission withheld
Prasanth K. Chelikani1, Ursula I. Tuor2, and David K. Min1
1Gastrointestinal Research Group, Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 2Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology, and Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

 
The gut hormone Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) plays an important role in the regulation of food intake and body weight. However, less is known of the central mechanisms that are engaged by GLP-1 to regulate energy balance. We provide evidence in a novel rat model that IV infusion of an anorexic dose of GLP-1 increases BOLD fMRI activity in homeostatic regions such as the hypothalamus and nucleus tractus solitarius, as well as non-homeostatic regions such as the hippocampus.

 
3239.   21 fMRI and Electrophysiology of Optogenetic Vs. Whisker Stimulation in the Whisker Barrel Cortex of the Awake Rabbit
Daniil Aksenov1, Limin Li1, Michael Miller1, George Iordanescu1, and Alice M. Wyrwicz1
1Center for Basic MR Research, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL, United States

 
The recently-developed technique of optogenetic control allows precise manipulation of the excitation or inhibition of specific neuronal cell types which generate the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) response measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). However, the properties of optogenetic BOLD have not been well characterized as compared to the BOLD signal generated through conventional sensory stimulation. The goal of this study is to compare the BOLD and electrophysiological activity produced by optogenetic stimulation vs. sensory whisker stimulation. The results indicate the importance of accounting for potential differences in BOLD signal behavior when interpreting fMRI results obtained from optogenetic stimulation.

 
3240.   22 Brain Development During Adolescence: Metabolic, Anatomical and Functional Characterisation in Rats
Luisa Altabella1, Francesca Zoratto1, Francesco De Pasquale2, Giovanni Laviola1, Walter Adriani1, and Rossella Canese3
1Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanita', Rome, Rome, Italy, 2ITAB Neuroscience and Imaging, University G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Chieti, Italy, 3Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Rome, Italy

 
It is well know that brain undergoes several morphological and functional changes during adolescence, in humans as well as in rodents. Present data provide a deeper view on the metabolic (by 1H MRS), morphological (by DTI) and functional (by functional connectivity) modifications which occur during rodents’ adolescence. Major metabolic changes occur during late adolescence, while maturation of cortico-limbic loops progresses during the whole adolescence.

 
3241.   23 fMRI of Hypothalamic Activation by Fasting in ob/ob Mice Using T2* and FDWI with High and Low B Values. a Comparative Study.
Blanca Lizarbe1, Pilar Lopez-Larrubia1, and Sebastián Cerdán2
1Instituto Investigaciones Biomedicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Madrid, Spain, 2Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas - CSIC, Madrid, Madrid, Spain

 
Obesity is a pandemic syndrome often associated to the most prevalent and morbid pathologies in developed countries. Body adiposity is thought to be regulated systemically through an endocrine ‘adiposity’-negative feedback loop, mainly supported by leptin interacting with hypothalamic nuclei. The leptin-null ob/ob mouse model exhibits decreased energy expenditure, hyperphagia and obesity. In this communication, we wish to characterize the activation by fasting in individual hypothalamic nuclei from ob/ob mice, using DWI at high b values, DWI at low b values and T2* imaging, comparing the results obtained with the three techniques

 
3242.   24 Functional MRI and Neural Responses in a Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease
Basavaraju G. Sanganahalli1, Peter Herman1, Kevin L. Behar1,2, Hal Blumenfeld3,4, Douglas L. Rothman1,5, and Fahmeed Hyder1,5
1Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States, 2Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States,3Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States, 4Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States, 5Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States

 
Forepaw-stimulation (2mA, 0.3ms, 3 Hz) evoked a positive BOLD signal change in the contralateral cortical (S1FL) and ventral posterior nucleus (VPL) of thalamus in normal healthy control and AD rats. In AD brain we noted a significant reduction in dynamics of BOLD and neural responses in S1FL, whereas evoked BOLD and neural responses in VPL were unaltered. These results suggest that there is a greater potential for cortical energy metabolism to be affected in Alzheimer’s disease as compared with the control normal rats. These results may have implications for understanding altered brain function in human Alzheimer’s disease

 

ELECTRONIC POSTER SESSION • FUNCTIONAL MRI (NEURO)
Monday, 22 April 2013 (17:30-18:30) Exhibition Hall
fMRI: Basics, Modalities & Analysis

  Computer #  
3243.   1 T1? Functional Imaging Temporal Dynamics in the Human Visual Cortex
Hye-Young Heo1,2, Casey P. Johnson1, Daniel R. Thedens1, John A. Wemmie3,4, and Vincent A. Magnotta1,3
1Department of Radiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States, 2Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States, 3Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States, 4Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States

 
The purpose of this study is to assess the temporal dynamics of BOLD, ASL, and T1ρ using phase-encoded visual stimulation. Phase-encoded activation maps were calculated from the measurements obtained using an expanding ring stimulus that induce traveling waves of neural activity in the visual cortex. The results show that pH-sensitive T1ρincreased slightly first, followed by ASL and BOLD signal in the primary visual cortex, V1. This study support that local acidosis induced by the neural activity might be a principle factor in neurovascular coupling.

 
3244.   2 Modeling the fMRI Signals at the Microscopic Level Using Quantitative Optical Microscopy Measurements
Louis O. Gagnon1, Sava Sakadzic1, Anna Devor2, Qianqian Fang1, Frederic Lesage3, Emiri T. Mandeville1, Vivek J. Srinivasan1, Mohammad A. Yaseen1, Emmanuel Roussakis4, Eng H. Lo1, Sergei Vinogradov4, Richard B. Buxton2, Anders M. Dale5, and David A. Boas1
1Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States,2Department of Radiology and Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States, 3Department of Electrical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 4Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pensylvania, Philadelphia, Pensylvania, United States, 5Department of Radiology and Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States

 
We propose a new methodology for modeling the fMRI signals at the microscopic level from quantitative optical microscopy. Two-photon microscopy O2 saturation measurements and Optical Coherence Tomography cerebral blood flow data were acquired in layers 1-3 of the mouse cortex during forepaw stimulation. The gradient echo and spin echo fMRI signals were then computed by simulating the diffusion of millions of proton over the tri-dimensional volume. This detailed model will serve as a gold standard to test the accuracy of more simplified models and new quantitative fMRI sequences to recover clinically relevant physiological parameters from fMRI measurements.

 
3245.   3 Distributed Pattern of BOLD fMRI: Neuronal Activity or Hemodynamic Artifact
Sun Mi Park1, Francesca Branzoli2, Misun Kim1, Hyerin Lim1, Matthias J.P. van Osch2, Itamar Ronen2, and Dae-Shik Kim1
1Department of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea, 2C. J. Gorter Center for High-field MRI, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands

 
Although Multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA) has been widely studied to classify recognizing object categories, the signal characteristic of distributed patterns on the human ventral stream remains elusive. Ultra-high field MRI enables imaging at higher spatial resolution and improved localization, thereby potentially leading to improved discrimination between different neuronal patterns. Our results showed that the distributed patterns of 7T BOLD fMRI were better to distinguish each object category than 3T despite equal spatial resolution to provide fair comparison. It has been hypothesized that improving SNR and signal localization at 7T BOLD fMRI resulted in improved discrimination in MVPA methods.

 
3246.   4 Thalamic Relay of Frequency-Specific EEG Scalp Field Maps
Simon Schwab1, Thomas Koenig1, Andrea Federspiel1, Thomas Dierks1, and Kay Jann1
1Dept. of Psychiatric Neurophysiology, University Hospital of Psychiatry / University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

 
In the present work, we aimed to define the frequency specific thalamic areas generating distinct synchronized cortical networks, as indexed by EEG scalp fields oscillating with a common phase. Fourteen healthy subjects underwent simultaneous EEG/fMRI. The EEG was subjected to a Topographic Time-Frequency Decomposition that formed 6 classes of transient states of synchronized oscillation which were used to fit the thalamic BOLD response. For each of the EEG scalp fields, subregions corresponding to thalamic nuclei were identified. Therefore, our study provides a novel way to elucidate the systematics of subcortical effects on the formation of large scale cortical networks.

 
3247.   5 Temporally Quasi-Stable Spatial Configurations in fMRI Reveal Scale-Free Dynamics Similar to That of EEG Microstates
Nurhan Erbil1 and Gopikrishna Deshpande1,2
1Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States, 2Department of Psychology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States

 
Resting state networks, as coherent low frequency fluctuations of fMRI, are correlated with smoothed and downsampled EEG microstates. This coupling between EEG and fMRI can be attributed to scale free fractal properties of EEG microstates. By using fractal analysis of simultaneously acquired EEG and fMRI, we examined the existence of scale free dynamics in fMRI in addition to EEG. Simultaneously acquired resting state EEG and fMRI data from 4 subjects were analyzed by Cartool software and subjected to microstate segmentation for each subject and modality separately. Random walk embedding was applied to microstate segmentation sequences and corresponding Hurst exponents were calculated. We have shown both EEG and fMRI have scale free dynamics indicating a relation between resting state fMRI fluctuations and electrical oscillations underlying fast neuronal processes.

 
3248.   6 Removing Ballistocardiographic Noise in Combined EEG-fMRI Using Soft Constrained PLS Method
Siamak Salari Sharif1, Michael D. Noseworthy2, James P. Reilly3, and Daniel J. Bosnyak4
1MR Innovations Inc., Detroit, MI, United States, 2Electrical and computer engineering, school of biomedical engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, 3Electrical and computer engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, 4Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

 
Here we present a novel approach to removal of ballistocardiographic noise that contaminates EEG during combined EEG/fMRI. By using a soft constrained PLS algorithm (SC-PLS) we were able to extract EEG components that are essentially noise free. Our method is effective at removing BCG especially when ECG data is corrupt or not available. Furthermore, our method is advantageous as it does not require the finding of ECG QRS peaks, nor requires collection of ECG data.

 
3249.   7 Effect of Respiration on Motion Correction in fMRI
Hu Cheng1 and Aina Puce1
1Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States

 
Motion correction is critical for data analysis of fMRI time series. Most motion correction algorithms treat the head as a rigid body. Respiration of the subject, however, can alter the static magnetic field in the head and result in slice shifts. To characterize the effect of respiration on Motion Correction, we acquired highly sampled fMRI data using multi-band EPI and then simulated different acquisition schemes. Our results show that respiration does affect the motion correction results and interleaved acquisition leads to larger between volume variations than ascending acquisition, suggesting a hybrid acquisition scheme is preferred.

 
3250.   8 On the Spatial Distribution of Cerebrovascular Reactivity During Breath Hold and CO2 Inhalation Tasks as Assessed by Data-Driven Analysis Methods
Ekaterina Tchistiakova1,2, David E. Crane2, Jeremy Gilbert3,4, Sandra E. Black2,5, and Bradley J. MacIntosh1,2
1Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 2Heart and Stroke Foundation Centre for Stroke Recovery, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 3Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,4University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 5Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

 
Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) can provide valuable information on hymodynamic impairment in a wide range of neurological conditions. In this study we compared the spatial distribution of CVR maps obtained using CO2 inhalation and breath hold (BH) tasks. The two hypercapnic challenges showed a good spatial overlap of CVR maps. Discrepancies were confined to inferior temporal and frontal pole regions with higher sensitivity during BH and CO2 respectively. CO2 CVR presented with increase in regions related to visual processing and sensorimotor areas compared to BH.

 
3251.   9 Global Intravascular and Local Hyperoxia Contrast Phase-Based Blood Oxygenation Measurements
Ian D. Driver1, Samuel J. Wharton1, Paula L. Croal1, Richard W. Bowtell1, Susan T. Francis1, and Penelope A. Gowland1
1Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom

 
The measurement of venous blood oxygenation (Yv) is important in cases where oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) may be perturbed. We assess phase-based methods for measuring Yv, either using intravascular phase of a large vein (the superior sagittal sinus in our case), or by comparing the phase distributions local to a vessel, as perturbed by hyperoxia. We measured similar Yv values using both approaches, although the hyperoxia-based method is suitable for small veins and independent of their orientation, providing localised Yv measurements. Some evidence for spatial heterogeneity in Yv was found using this method.

 
3252.   10 Reducing Physiological Effects in Resting State fMRI by Dephasing Blood and CSF Signals
Yongquan Ye1 and Ewart Mark Haacke1
1Radiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States

 
It is well known that the intravascular signals contribute about half of the functional contrast at 3T, and physiological effects also contribute to the BOLD signal. Although extensively studied in task/event related fMRI, the role of vascular and physiological effects in resting state (RS) functional connectivity is yet to be fully understood. By implementing flow dephasing with low VENC value, this study aims at estimating the contribution of the intravascular (IV) blood signal and physiological effects to local and long range resting state signal characteristics.

 
3253.   11 Assessment of R2* Dependence on Oxygenation Across Field Strength.
Paula L. Croal1, Emma Louise Hall1, Ian D. Driver1, Susan T. Francis1, and Penelope A. Gowland1
1SPMMRC, School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom

 
The power law () relating blood oxygenation and tissue R2* is yet to be tested experimentally in humans. This is important as models and simulations do not accurately depict intravascular effects. Cross-field studies which use neuronal activation or hypercapnia are confounded by changes in CBV (ΔCBV) which also modulate R2*. Here, isocapnic-hyperoxia is used to measure the dependence of R2* on oxygenation, and the effect of ΔCBV simulated. Experimental and simulation results support a reduction of  with field strength. For a given field, β will not have a significantly impact on CMRO2 estimations within a normal physiological range.

 
3254.   12 Investigation of Cardiac and Respiratory Pressure Waves in the Brain by High Resolution Echo-Planar Imaging at 7 Tesla
Marta Bianciardi1, Karleyton C. Evans2, Jonathan R. Polimeni1, Tian Y. Song2, Boris Keil1, Thomas Witzel1, Bruce R. Rosen1, David A. Boas1, and Lawrence L. Wald1
1Department of Radiology, A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States, 2Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States

 
The velocity of cardiac and respiratory pressure-waves traveling in the brain and the pressure-change are indicators of vessel elasticity and of cerebrospinal-fluid response to vascular compliance. Recent work showed the feasibility of mapping the propagation of the cardiac pressure-wave in the brain by echo-planar-imaging (EPI). We further investigated the cardiac and also the respiratory pressure-wave in the brain by high spatio-temporal-resolution EPI at 7Tesla. Our results show the feasibility of mapping within <30-45s/slice the arrival time and the bulk flow velocity change of each pressure-wave, which are respectively related to the velocity of the traveling wave and to the pressure-change.

 
3255.   13 Comparison of CO2 in Air Versus Carbogen for the Measurement of Cerebrovascular Reactivity with Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Hannah Hare1, Michael Germuska1, and Daniel P. Bulte1
1FMRIB, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxon, United Kingdom

 
This study consisted of a direct comparison between cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) to 5% CO2 in air and 5% CO2 in oxygen (carbogen). We found that CVR as measured by BOLD and ASL response are correlated for CO2 in air but not under a carbogen stimulus. In addition flow CVR as measured by ASL is strongly affected by inspired oxygen fraction and is not consistent between these two stimuli. We conclude that BOLD imaging should not be used in conjunction with a carbogen stimulus to measure CVR, and that flow CVR values acquired with carbogen and CO2/air are not directly comparable.

 
3256.   14 Fully Connected Cascade Deep Architecture Neural Networks Outperform Support Vector Machines for Disease State Classification Using fMRI Data
Peng Wang1, Bogdan Wilamowski2, and Gopikrishna Deshpande3
1AU MRI Research Center, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States, 2Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States, 3AU MRI Research Center, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; Department of Psychology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States

 
Brain disorder classification is traditionally done by Support Vector Machines (SVMs) due to SVM’s capability of handling data of high dimensionality and superior training speed. SVMs are effective in correctly identifying non-ADHD subjects. However SVMs are ineffective in correctly identifying ADHD subjects. Two-stage Fully Connected Cascade Deep neural network architecture has been designed and modified experimentally. This FCC Deep NN architecture significantly excels traditional NN architecture, overcomes data unbalance issue, is capable of handling data of high dimensionality and easy to train, generates better results, and therefore outperforms SVMs in total.

 
3257.   15 Empirical Bayesian Estimation Improves Analysis of Resting-State Functional Connectivity from Multi-Echo BOLD Data
Feng Xu1,2, Suresh E. Joel1,2, Jun Hua1,2, Craig K. Jones1,2, Brian S. Caffo3, Martin A. Lindquist4, Ciprian M. Crainiceanu4, Peter C.M. van Zijl1,2, and James J. Pekar1,2
1Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States, 2F. M. Kirby Research Center, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, United States, 3Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States, 4Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University, School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States

 
Multi-echo acquisitions can improve the sensitivity and specificity of resting-state functional connectivity MRI compared with conventional EPI. Analysis of multi-echo decays to estimate transverse relaxation in each voxel is a case of parallel estimation; statistical theory states that popular maximum likelihood (least-squares) methods are in some ways inferior to empirical Bayesian approaches. In this study we show that the James-Stein estimator yields modest increases in the spatial extent and inter-subject concordance of functional networks estimated from multi-echo resting BOLD data acquired at 7 Tesla.

 
3258.   16 Correcting Motion Induced Connectivity Changes in Resting-State fMRI
Ali-mohammad Golestani1 and Mariana Lazar1
1Radiology, Center for Biomedical Imaging, NYU Medical Center, New York, NY, United States

 
Head motion during Resting-State fMRI artificially alters functional connectivity maps, with its effects persisting even after typical correction including frame realignment and regression of motion parameters. Adequate methods for correcting motion artifacts are currently a topic of debate. In this study we compared the ability of basic correction, data scrubbing (excluding volumes with excessive motion from the dataset), and independent component analysis (identifying and excluding motion components with ICA) to correct motion-induced connectivity alterations. Our result shows that ICA outperforms basic correction and data scrubbing and can suppress motion-induced connectivity changes.

 
3259.   17 Multitask Machine Learning for Brain-State Classification
Yash S. Shah1, Ashish Farmer1, Luis Hernandez-Garcia1, Douglas C. Noll1, Mark Greenwald2, Jon-Kar Zubieta1, and Scott J. Peltier1
1University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States, 2Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States

 
Multitask learning formulation presents a novel way of accommodating information from other subjects' data and building a generalized classifier. In our study, we use multitask learning to classify the temporal crave-state of a nicotine dependent subject and compare results to standard single subject SVM. We demonstrate that multitask learning is a promising novel analysis technique for fMRI data analysis.

 
3260.   18 An a Contrario Approach for the Detection of Activated Brain Areas in FMRI
Camille Maumet1, Pierre Maurel1, Jean-Christophe Ferré1,2, and Christian Barillot1
1Visages Project-team / U746, University of Rennes 1, INSERM, CNRS, Inria, RENNES, Brittany, France, 2Department of Neuroradiology, CHU Rennes, Rennes, Brittany, France

 
In this paper we propose an a contrario approach for the detection of activated brain areas in BOLD functional MRI data. The method focuses on subject-specific activations. Comparisons with the standard massively univariate general linear model are provided using Receiver-Operating-Characteristics curves for two different ground truths. The data used for validation include 12 subjects, scanned 3 times for a hand-motor paradigm. Overall, the proposed a contrario approach displayed better spatially defined activation with a more interesting trade-off between sensitivity and specificity by comparison to the standard massively univariate GLM.

 
3261.   19 A Comparison of Parametric and Non-Parametric Blind Hemodynamic Deconvolution Methods for fMRI
Karthik Ramakrishnan Sreenivasan1, Martin Havlicek2, and Gopikrishna Deshpande1,3
1AU MRI Research Center, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States, 2Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Limburg, Netherlands, 3Department of Psychology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States

 
In this study we present a method which uses non-parametric blind deconvolution based on homomorphic filtering to investigate the over fitting problem of existing parametric methods. We compare our method to the performance of cubature Kalman filter (CKF)-based parametric approach. Simulations were performed with both methods and estimated neuronal responses were obtained. Correlation between the simulated and estimated neuronal responses indicated that in both cases (CKF-based and homomorphic deconvolution) the temporal neuronal events were correctly estimated, indicating that parametric methods such as CKF-based approaches are not susceptible to over fitting.

 
3262.   20 Toward Direct Detection of Neuronal Magnetic Fields Using MRI: Local and Three-Dimensional Mapping of Somatosensory Evoked Fields in the Rat Brain -permission withheld
Masaki Sekino1,2, Tomoaki Takewa1, Dongmin Kim1,2, Yusuke Inoue1,2, and Hiroyuki Ohsaki1
1Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan,2Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan

 
Detection of weak magnetic fields arising from neuronal electrical activities using MRI is an attractive but challenging topic in functional MRI. We measured three-dimensional distribution of local field potentials in the rat somatosensory cortex using a 16-channel microelectrode array with a spatial resolution of 0.3 mm. Local distributions of electric current and magnetic field were calculated from the measured potentials. The resulting field magnitude of 2.8x10-12 T was comparable to the theoretical sensitivity limit of MRI.

 
3263.   21 Functional MRI with an Ultra-Short Echo Time Sequence
Geon-Ho Jahng1, Min-Ji Kim2, Eo-Jin Hwang2, Hyug-Gi Kim3, Kyung-Mi Lee4, Chang-Woo Ryu1, Soo-Yeol Lee3, Wook Jin1, Dal-Mo Yang1, and Ji Seon Park5
1Radiology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Seoul, Korea, 2Radiology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul, Seoul, Korea, 3Biomedical Engineering, Graduate College of Electronics and Information, Kyung Hee University, Youngin, Gyeonggi-do, Korea, 4Radiology, Graduate College of of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Seoul, Korea, 5Radiology, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Seoul, Korea

 
To investigate an fMRI technique with an ultra-short TE (UTE) sequence, the UTE-based fMRI signal was obtained with a three-dimensional UTE sequence in brains of 18 young healthy volunteers during visual stimulations with TE=0.15 ms. The rationales of the use of UTE-based fMRI were to design a novel methodology for fMRI to more directly access cellular activation in addition to much lower sensitivity to field inhomogeneities compared to BOLD. A free induction decay (FID) signal has a potential to detect neuronal events other than T2 or T2* alternations. The UTE-based fMRI may provide a novel mechanism to investigate neuronal activations.

 
3264.   22 Synchronous Recording of Multiple Physiological, Trigger and External Signal Traces for Co-Registration with Functional MRI Data
Jaroslav Marek1, Jan Rieger1,2, Darius Lysiak1, Tomasz Kaczmarczyk3, Martin Kanowski4, Claus Tempelmann4, and Thoralf Niendorf1,5
1Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max-Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany, 2MRI.TOOLS GmbH, Berlin, Germany, 3Blue Brick Ltd., Lodz, Poland, 4Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany, 5Joint cooperation - Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Berlin, Germany

 
Temporal correlation of the stimulus paradigm with physiological noise induced by cardiac activity, blood flow, blood pulsation and respiration affects the BOLD signal. Realizing the unmet needs of today’s fMRI studies this abstract focuses on the monitoring and tracking of multiple physiological signals including ECG, phonocardiogram, magneto-hydrodynamic effect, pulse oximetry, respiration etc. to examine physiological fluctuations. For this purpose a dedicated physiological logging device that facilitates simultaneous and synchronized recording of multiple physiological signals as well as of the scanner trigger in-/output is proposed.

 
3265.   23 Functional MRI Using Spin-Lock Sequences to Modulate BOLD Activation
Swati Rane1, John T. Spear1, Zhongliang Zu1, Manus J. Donahue1,2, and John C. Gore1,3
1VUIIS, Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States, 2Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States, 3Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States

 
This study describes a novel approach to assess activity dependent diffusion changes using spin locking preparation and R1lower case Greek rho measurement

 
3266.   24 Characterization of a Spin-Locked Spin-Echo EPI Sequence for pH-Sensitive Dynamic T1rho Imaging of the Brain
Casey P. Johnson1, Hye-Young Heo2, Daniel R. Thedens1, John A. Wemmie3, and Vincent A. Magnotta1,3
1Radiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States, 2Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States, 3Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States

 
A spin-lock-prepared SE-EPI sequence for dynamic T1rho imaging of the brain with 4.0sec temporal resolution is characterized in simulation, phantom, and in vivo experiments. It is demonstrated in a flashing checkerboard experiment that the method can simultaneously measure both T1rho and BOLD activation. Additionally, it is shown in phantoms that the sequence is sensitive to pH changes on the order 0.1 units or less. This evidence supports that dynamic T1rho imaging is a viable tool to study brain activation that is unique from BOLD and is sensitive to activity-evoked acidosis. A potentially significant application is the study of psychiatric diseases.

 

ELECTRONIC POSTER SESSION • FUNCTIONAL MRI (NEURO)
Monday, 22 April 2013 (16:30-17:30) Exhibition Hall
Resting State Connectivity: Methods

  Computer #  
3267.   25 Neural Origin of the Interhemispheric Functional Connectivity Loss After Complete Corpus Callosotomy
Russell W. Chan1,2, Iris Y. Zhou1,2, Y. X. Liang3, Yong Hu4, K. F. So3, and Ed X. Wu1,2
1Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China, 2Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China, 3Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China,4Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China

 
Previously, a case study reported that complete transection of the corpus callosum induced loss of interhemispheric correlations in resting-state functional connectivity MRI (RSfcMRI). However, the results were limited by the lack of any electrophysiological recordings. Therefore, it could not be excluded that the loss of interhemispheric correlations in RSfcMRI might arise due to non-neuronal physiological modulations. In this study, intra-cortical electroencephalography (EEG) signals were recorded in the complete corpus callosotomy rats to understand the neural origin of the loss of interhemispheric correlations in RSfcMRI. The results clearly supported that the loss of interhemispheric correlations in RSfcMRI reflects the changes in spontaneous brain activity and its coherence. More importantly, the results strongly suggested that resting-state spontaneous fluctuations have strongest correlation with delta oscillations.

 
3268.   
26 Spectral Changes in Resting-State fMRI Connectivity Induced by Corpus Callosum Transection
Iris Y. Zhou1,2, Y. X. Liang3, Russell W. Chan1,2, Joe S. Cheng1,2, Patrick P. Gao1,2, K. F. So3, and Ed X. Wu1,2
1Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China, 2Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China, 3Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China

 
Changes in connectivity strength or spatial map of the low-frequency fluctuations in resting-state fMRI are the common focus when comparing the normal and diseased brains. However, limited work has studied the underlying spectral alterations. In this study, we investigated the spectral changes of resting-state connectivity in a rat model of complete corpus callosum (CC) transection. Interhemispheric connectivity was disappeared in cortical regions where the corresponding callosal connections were severed. Spectral analysis of these regions showed stronger power at relative high frequency around 0.1 Hz in transection group than in sham group. These spectral changes were observed in brain regions showing predominately intrahemispheric connectivity and therefore may arise from the faster intrahemispheric communication. Our experimental findings indicate that spectral characteristics of rsfMRI connectivity can be modulated by neural disruption and spectral analysis of rsfMRI data may provide a new dimension of information regarding the brain organization and connectivity.

 
3269.   27 White Matter Integrity Correlations with Coactivation of Resting State fMRI -permission withheld
Edmund W. Wong1, David Matthew Carpenter1, Johnny Ng1, Jessica Roman1, Ying Wei Wu2, Xiaofeng Tao2, and Cheuk Ying Tang1
1Radiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States, 2Radiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Tongji University, Shanghai, China

 
Functional connectivity has previously been shown to correlate with structural (anatomical) connectivity. Structural connectivity of brain white matter is quantified using diffusion tensor imaging to calculate fractional anisotropy (FA). In this study, we looked specifically at the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) due to its anatomical relevance to the attention network. The correlation between functional coactivation of the attention network and SLF FA was investigated using independent component analysis (ICA) and dual regression. We hypothesize that this coactivation within the nodes of the network are positively correlated to SLF FA because the structural integrity of this neural pathway has importance to the neural communication between the nodes.

 
3270.   28 Investigating Resting-State Functional Connectivity Using Passband BSSFP
Joe S. Cheng1,2, Iris Y. Zhou1,2, Patrick P. Gao1,2, Russell W. Chan1,2, Queenie Chan3, Henry Ka Fung Mak4, Pek Lan Khong4, and Ed X. Wu5
1Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 2Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 3Philips Healthcare, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 4Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 5The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China, Hong Kong

 
Resting-state functional MRI (rsfMRI) using blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) contrast has emerged as a valuable become an increasingly important tool for mapping inter and intra-hemispheric connectivity in normal and diseased brains. To date, most rsfMRI studies have exploited blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) contrast using T2*- weighted gradient-echo (GE) EPI, which suffers from signal drops and image distortion due to magnetic susceptibility and inherent long TE. Alternatively, T2/T1- weighted passband balanced SSFP (bSSFP) has been promoted for distortion-free, high spatial resolution task-based functional imaging. In this study, we studied the capability of passband b-SSFP for rsfMRI. Resting-state networks (RSNs) of similar but different spatial and temporal pattern were identified, especially into areas near air sinus.

 
3271.   29 Balanced Steady-State Free Procession (BSSFP) for Detecting Resting-State Networks in Rat Brain at 7T
Patrick P. Gao1,2, Russell W. Chan1,2, Joe S. Cheng1,2, Iris Y. Zhou1,2, and Ed X. Wu1,2
1Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China, 2Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China

 
Resting-state fMRI (rsfMRI) has been increasingly used to study brain function on humans and animals. Currently, most rsfMRI studies adopt the GE-EPI sequence which has a blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) contrast. However, GE-EPI is affected by signal dropout and image distortion due to nature of GE and long echo time. These problems become more severe at high field and in regions close to air-tissue interface. Balanced steady-state free procession (bSSFP) imaging is free from these problems. Recently it has been demonstrated to detect BOLD-like activation signals for fMRI. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of using bSSFP to detect resting-state networks.

 
3272.   30 Simultaneous fMRI-DTI Using the Navigated Diffusion Sequence
A. Alhamud1, F. Robertson1, D. Donaldson1, André J. W. van der Kouwe2, and Ernesta M. Meintjes1
1Human Biology, MRC/UCT Medical Imaging Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa, 2Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States

 
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a promising technique to map white matter tracts, while fMRI is a technique to measure brain activity. Recent studies have combined data from separate fMRI and DTI acquisitions to improve accuracy of seed regions for fiber tracking. It remains unclear whether brain activation during DTI acquisition itself may affect DTI data. The present study exploits the navigated diffusion sequence, which has recently been introduced for real time motion correction, to perform simultaneous fMRI-DTI by using the navigators in the navigated diffusion sequence to acquire BOLD data.

 
3273.   31 Diffusion-Weighted Resting-State Functional MRI at 3T
Joe S. Cheng1,2, Iris Y. Zhou1,2, Hua Guo3, Patrick P. Gao1,2, Russell W. Chan1,2, Queenie Chan4, Henry Ka Fung Mak5, Pek Lan Khong5, and Ed X. Wu1,2
1Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 2Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 3Biomedical Engineering & Center for Biomedical Imaging Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, 4Philips Healthcare, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 5Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong

 
Resting-state functional MRI (rsfMRI) has emerged as a valuable become an increasingly important tool for mapping inter and intra-hemispheric connectivity in normal and diseased brains. To date, most rsfMRI studies have used T2*-weighted gradient-echo (GE) for the benefit of sensitivity. Theoretically, spin-echo (SE) provides better spatial specificity due to the elimination of static dephasing around macro-vessels. At 3T, the benefit however is limited because of a nearly equal share of undesired intravascular (IV) and well-localized extravascular (EV) contribution from microvasculature. Diffusion gradients induce velocity-dependent phase shifts and thus reduce signal from blood due to inhomogeneous velocities within vessel and presence of vessels with different orientations in a pixel. In this study, we aimed to investigate rsfMRI connectivity at 3T using diffusion-weighted (DW) SE to eliminate IV effect from large vessels. By using interleaving non-DW and DW acquisition, we identified default mode networks with similar but different pattern, spatially and spectrally.

 
3274.   32 k-T FASTER: A New Method for the Acceleration of Resting State fMRI Data Acquisition
Mark Chiew1, Stephen M. Smith1, Peter J. Koopmans2, Thomas Blumensath3, and Karla L. Miller1
1FMRIB Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, 2Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands, 3ISVR, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom

 
In FMRI, measurements of resting state functional connectivity are often preceded by a principal component analysis to reduce data dimensionality. We propose a new method for the acceleration of FMRI acquisitions that exploits the decrease of information in a dimensionality reduction to facilitate the undersampling of k-t space. We call this approach k-t FASTER: FMRI Acceleration in Space-time via Truncation of Effective Rank. This technique is demonstrated on 4x retrospectively undersampled FMRI data to reproduce resting state networks with high spatial fidelity.

 
3275.   33 An Assessment of Motion Artefacts in Multi Band EPI for High Spatial and Temporal Resolution Resting State fMRI
Michael E. Kelly1, Eugene P. Duff1, Janine D. Bijsterbosch1, Natalie L. Voets1, Nicola Filippini1, Steen Moeller2, Junqian Xu2, Essa S. Yacoub2, Edward J. Auerbach2, Kamil Ugurbil2, Stephen M. Smith1, and Karla L. Miller1
1FMRIB Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, 2Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States

 
Multiband (MB) EPI is a recent MRI technique that offers increased temporal and/or spatial resolution as well as increased temporal SNR due to increased temporal degrees-of-freedom (DoF). However, MB-EPI may exhibit increased motion sensitivity due to the combination of short TR with parallel imaging. In this study, the performance of MB-EPI with different acceleration factors was compared to that of standard EPI, with respect to subject motion. Although MB-EPI with 4 and 8 times acceleration exhibited some motion sensitivity, retrospective clean-up of the data using independent component analysis was successful at removing artefacts. By increasing temporal DoF, accelerated MB-EPI supports higher spatial resolution, with no loss in statistical significance compared to standard EPI. MB-EPI is therefore an important new technique capable of providing high resolution, temporally rich FMRI datasets for more interpretable mapping of the brain's functional networks.

 
3276.   34 Flip Angle Effects on Resting State fMRI Studies
Yongquan Ye1 and Ewart Mark Haacke1
1Radiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States

 
Resting state fMRI reflects the BOLD signal induced by spontaneous neuronal activities at rest. rs-fMRI signal is especially sensitive to physiological noise, which often is the dominant source of noise. Recently it has been demonstrated that using a flip angle (FA) as low as 9¡ã can reduce the relative weighting of physiological noise in BOLD signal while still sustaining sufficient BOLD contrast [1]. In this study, we will study how different flip angles affect rs-fMRI signal characteristics and the calculation of functional connectivity, and analyze the underlying mechanism of the origin of resting state signals.

 
3277.   35 Observing Resting-State Brain Modules at Different Frequencies Using MREG
Hsu-Lei Lee1, Jakob Assländer1, Pierre Levan1, and Jürgen Hennig1
1University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

 
In this study we used MREG sequence with stack-of-spirals trajectory to obtain resting-state fMRI signal at 10 Hz sampling rate. Data were filtered into three different frequency bands and put through the same post-processing steps. Results of spatial ICA were checked with ICASSO and the reliable components were used in the following connectivity analysis to generate functional modules in the brain and calculate the modularity coefficients. We found that as some modules can be seen at all frequencies, and some only appears in one or two of the bands.

 
3278.   36 Spatiotmeporal Fourier Analysis of Resting State Fluctuations in BOLD fMRI of the Rat
Waqas Majeed1, Matthew E. Magnuson2, and Shella Keilholz2
1Department of Electrical Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences, School of Science and Engineering, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan,2Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology/Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States

 
This work demonstrates the use of spatiotemporal Fourier analysis for studying dynamic characteristics of low frequency fluctuations (LFFs) in resting state fMRI data. LFFs in rats contain propagating waves moving in lateral to medial direction. Our work demonstrates that this propagation pattern primarily consists of fast moving spectral components, and spatiotemporal velocity-selective filtering can be used improve the contrast-to-noise ratio of this pattern, when detected automatically. This type of analysis can be useful for detecting new patterns in LFFs, as well as analyzing dynamic imaging data in general.

 
3279.   37 Transient Synchronising Sub-Networks Within Large Scale Networks
Thomas Allan1, Matthew J. Brookes1, Susan T. Francis1, and Penelope A. Gowland1
1SPMMRC, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom

 
The brain is known to be segregated into relatively few large scale networks but it has been shown using fMRI that the brain has highly focal sub regions that respond to a specific task. During a task, whether it is externally or internally driven, multiple nodes of a network can be recruited to successfully complete the task. We investigate how spontaneous BOLD events, detected using paradigm free mapping, synchronise transiently and have specific plausible substructures within networks similar to fMRI studies by using temporal ICA.

 
3280.   38 Dynamic Temporal Topological Structure of Default Mode Network
Pan Lin1, De Pisapia Nicola2, and Jorge Jovicich2
1Institute of Biomedical Engineering,Xi'an Jiaotong University, xi'an, shaanxi, China, 2Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Trento, Trentino, Italy

 
Functional connectivity within the default network dynamic changes is associated with internal mental state across rest or task state. Characterization of the dynamic resting sate network organization as a complex network of dynamic temporal evolving networks has received great interest for the study of its neural mechanisms. To better understand temporal dynamic topology structure of DMN, we used weighted complex network and clustering method to investigate default mode network across different brain mental state. Our results suggest the important role of the dynamic temporal-topological structure of DMN link to underling brain adaptive processing function.

 
3281.   39 Stable, Dynamic & Variable Functional Networks
Suresh Emmanuel Joel1, Anand Narasimha Murthy1, Ek T. Tan2, Dattesh D. Shanbhag1, John F. Schenck2, and Rakesh Mullick1
1Diagnostics and Biomedical Technologies, General Electric Global Research, Bangalore, Karnataka, India, 2Diagnostics and Biomedical Technologies, General Electric Global Research, Niskayuna, New York, United States

 
Differences in functional networks have been used to understand brain in health and disease. Variability in functional networks can be due to disease, state (of mind) or trait. Here we study intra-subject and inter-subject reproducibility and classify in to a) networks that are highly reproducible within and across subjects making them good candidates for studying changes associated with disease, b) networks that are variable within subjects making them good candidates for studying state and c) networks that are variable between subjects making them good candidates for studying traits.

 
3282.   40 Using Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling to Estimate the Functional Connectivity Networks from CBF and BOLD Signals Simultaneously Measured by ASL MRI -permission withheld
Jiancheng Zhuang1 and Savio Wong1
1University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States

 
This study proposes an approach to estimate the functional connectivity networks from CBF and BOLD signals simultaneously measured by ASL (arterial spin labeling) MRI using exploratory Structural Equation Modeling analysis. Two structural equation models were estimated at each voxel regarding to the sensory-motor network and default-mode network. The resulting connectivity maps indicate that supplementary motor area has significant connections to left/right primary motor areas, and inferior parietal lobules link significantly with posterior cingulate cortex and medial prefrontal cortex. The model fitting results imply that BOLD signal is more directly linked to the underlying cause of functional connectivity than CBF signal.

 
3283.   41 Experimental Validation of Dynamic Granger Causality for Inferring Sub-100ms Neuronal Timing Differences from fMRI Without the Confounding Effect of Hemodynamic Variability
Yunzhi Wang1, Santosh Katwal2,3, Baxter Rogers2,4, John C . Gore4,5, and Gopikrishna Deshpande1,6
1AU MRI Research Center, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States, 2Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Nashville, TN, United States, 3Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States, 4Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States, 5Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States, 6Department of Psychology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States

 
Dynamic Granger causality (DGC) was performed to infer sub-100ms neuronal timing differences in BOLD responses from the visual cortex. DGC connectivities were calculated from experimental fMRI data which introduced a known delay between right and left hemified stimuli and a GLM was fit between the experimental paradigm and dynamic Granger causality difference series. The results come out that dGCD significantly covaried with the paradigm for all delays except zero. Our experimental validation of DGC to detect sub-100 ms neuronal timing differences without the confounding effect of hemodynamic variability provide a reliable data-driven method for effective connectivity analysis of fMRI data.

 
3284.   42 Extracting Connectomic Profiles from Group Resting State fMRI Data Using Dictionary Learning
Kaiming LI1 and Xiaoping P. Hu1
1Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States

 
This paper describes a new framework to characterize the connectomic profiles for distinct functional regions on the cortical surface. Unlike existing group ICA approaches that heavily rely on spatial smoothing and registration techniques, this framework employs two measures, cortical parcellation by BOLD signal homogeneity and over complete dictionary learning, to account for the well-known anatomical variability across individuals. Our results show that the resultant connectomic profiles are robust and can be used for the identification of both distinct functional regions and functional networks, facilitating building statistical models for these profiles and pinpointing disrupted regions in pathological/psychiatric brain disorder datasets.

 
3285.   43 Head Motion in RS fMRI: Not the Problem We Think It Is
Hang Joon Jo1, Richard C. Reynolds1, Stephen J. Gotts2, Alex Martin2, Robert W. Cox1, and Ziad S. Saad1
1Scientific and Statistical Computing Core, National Institutes of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, United States, 2Section on Cognitive Neuropsychology, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institutes of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, United States

 
Brain function in the “resting” state has been extensively studied with MRI since its discovery of correlated temporal signals in distant parts of the cortex. Recent studies have reported major corrupting effects of subject head motion on the results of resting state FMRI analyses. The first study suggested that motion effects induce bias between short- and long-range correlations, casting suspicion on inferences about brain networks (Power et al., 2012). The second study showed how differences in average subject movement between two subjects groups could produce significant differences in apparent brain connectivity (Van Dijk et al., 2012). Herein, we replicate these results, and qualify as follows the conclusions that ascribed them solely to the presence of motion difference between groups.

 
3286.   44 BOLD Functional Connectivity Analysis Based on Intravascular-Weighting and Parenchymal R2*
Swati Rane1, Brandon Ally2,3, Tracy Wilson1, Tricia Thornton-Wells4,5, John C. Gore1,6, Erin Hussey3, and Manus J. Donahue1,2
1VUIIS, Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States, 2Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States, 3Neurology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States, 4Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States, 5Molecular Physics and Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States, 6Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States

 
This study examines baseline BOLD connectivity using R2* maps obtained from multi-echo FMRI, in relation to multi-subject comparison.

 
3287.   45 Support Vector Machine Classification of Spontaneous Cognition Using Whole-Brain Resting-State Functional Connectivity
Ying-Hui Chou1, Pooja Gaur2, Carol P. Weingarten1, Mei-Lan Chu1, David Madden1, Allen W. Song1, and Nan-Kuei Chen3
1Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States, 2Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States, 3Duke University, Durham, NC, United States

 
In this study, we demonstrated that the behavior-based connectivity analysis and support vector machine methods can be used to decode the whole-brain resting-state functional connectivity patterns and classify individuals who reported inner language as the dominant mental activity during resting-state fMRI scan from those who did not with a sensitivity of 0.88 and a specificity of 0.9. Our findings can lead to a better understanding of variations in resting-state fMRI signals and their dependence on the spontaneous cognition/mind wandering.

 
3288.   46 Data-Driven Parcellation of Resting State Functional Connectivity Networks of the Frontal Lobe in New World and Old World Primates
Li Min Chen1, Alex V. Maier2, Arabinda Mishra1, Feng Wang1, Daniel Colvin1, Allen T. Newton1, M. Young2, John C. Gore1, and Jeffrey D. Schall2
1Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States, 2Department of Psychological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States

 
Being off-limits to the invasive anatomical techniques, knowledge of human brain connectivity lags behind nonhuman primate. The proposed study is intended to investigate the homology of the primate frontal lobe using a novel imaging approach that bridges the evolutionary division between new world monkeys (Ceboidea) and old world primates (Cercopithecidae). We implemented an unsupervised self-organization mapping1,2 (SOM) technique to study the functional connectivity network of the frontal eye field (FEF) of macaques and squirrel monkeys. Comparison of these connectivity maps across monkey species is a promising initial step to establish the degree of homology of cortical sub-regions in primates.

 
3289.   47 The Degree of Temporal Complexity in Resting State FMRI: A Potentially New Metric for Functional Studies in Alzheimer’s Disease.
Yinan Liu1, Karl Young2, Duygu Tosun2, Yu Zhang2, and Norbert Schuff2
1San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States, 2Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States

 
Resting-state fMRI has been an important tool to understand brain networks. However, the intrinsic properties of BOLD fluctuations have been rarely studied. In this preliminary study, we used transient information to compare the degree of complexity of the BOLD fluctuations between normal and Alzheimer’s disease subjects. Results exhibited significantly smaller degrees of complexity in AD than CN subjects in brain regions typically affected by disease. In contrast, AD and CN subjects had similar degrees of complexity in regions usually spared by disease. In conclusion, transient information could provide a new metric to study brain functions in healthy conditions and disease.

 
3290.   48 Effect of Task/Condition-Related Signal Variance on Functional Connectivity: An fMRI Simulation Study
Unal Sakoglu1 and Kushal Bohra1
1Computer Science Department, Texas A&M University - Commerce, Commerce, Texas, United States

 
In this work, we study the effects of task-related signal variance differences to functional connectivity analysis using simulated fMRI signals. Considerable correlation was found between the functional connectivity and the standard deviations of the fMRI signals. This shows that functional connectivity differences are accompanied by systematic differences in the variance of the fMRI signal under different experimental tasks/conditions. This result highlights the need for caution in interpreting condition-dependent differences in functional connectivity analyses; one cannot rule out the possibility that the observed differences were merely a consequence of differences in the variance of the respective signal time-courses.

 

ELECTRONIC POSTER SESSION • FUNCTIONAL MRI (NEURO)
Monday, 22 April 2013 (17:30-18:30) Exhibition Hall
Resting State Connectivity: Applications

  Computer #  
3291.   25 Age Effects on the Marginal Division of the Neostriatum in Health Adults Revealed by a Resting Functional Connectivity
Zhiye Chen1, Lin Ma1, Xin Lou1, and Jinfeng Li1
1Department of Radiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, Beijing, China

 
This study mainly focused on the age effects on the marginal division of the neostriatum in health adults revealed by a resting functional connectivity

 
3292.   26 Default Mode Network CBF Predicts Individual Differences in Self-Esteem
Zhuo Fang1,2, Senhua Zhu1,2, Hui Shi2, Siyuan Hu2, Huajian Cai3, Marc Korczykowski2, and Hengyi Rao1,2
1Department of psychology, Sun Yat-sen University, GuangZhou, GuangDong, China, 2Center for functional Neuroimaging, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States, 3Institute of psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Beijing, China

 
Recent neuroimaging research has demonstrated great interest in resting brain function. However, the exact function of brain default mode network (DMN) remains largely unknown. The present study used arterial spin labeling (ASL) perfusion MRI to non-invasively measure resting cerebral blood flow (CBF) in a large cohort of normal subjects (n=81) and examined the relationship between default brain function and self-esteem, a core component of the self. The results showed that self-esteem is positively correlated with regional CBF in the posterior DMN regions, supporting the view that self-introspective processes is associated with default brain function.

 
3293.   27 Interhemispheric Structural and Functional Connectivities Show Distinct Strengths of Associations in Homotopic and Heterotopic Connections -permission withheld
Hsin-Long Hsieh1, Pin-Yu Chen2, Fu-Shan Jaw1, and Wen-Yih Isaac Tseng2
1Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, 2Center for Optoelectronic Biomedicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan

 
The structural and functional connectivity are correlated. However, mismatch of functional and structural connectivity occurs due to indirect connections and limitations of current neuroimaging approaches and analysis. To address the limitation, we focus on interhemispheric connection because it is direct connection and the most clearly defined white matter structure. We investigated the interhemispheric structure-function relationship combining DSI and resting-state fMRI. Our results showed that the degree of structure-function relationship varied in different lobes and also differed in homotopic and heterotopic interlobular regions as well. We suggest that topology may be a contributing factor of the structure-function relationship.

 
3294.   28 Motor Network Connectivity Following Training with an MR Compatible Hand Induced- Robotic Device
Asimina Lazaridou1,2, Loukas Astrakas1,2, Dionyssios Mintzopoulos1,2, Azadeh Khanicheh3, Aneesh Singhal4, Michael Moskowitz2, Bruce Rosen2, and Aria A. Tzika1,2
1NMR Surgical Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Shriners Burn Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States, 2Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston, MA, United States, 3Mechanical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States,4Department of Neurology, Stroke Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States

 
Stroke may alter functional connectivity of motor execution networks. Our purpose was to demonstrate functional reorganization of motor systems by exploring connectivity alterations within the motor related areas using fMRI with a novel MR-compatible hand-induced robotic device (MR_CHIROD). Our findings suggest that enhancement of SMA activity benefits M1 dysfunction in stroke survivors. Assessing changes in connectivity by means of fMRI in conjunction with MR_CHIROD might be used in the future to further illustrate the neural network plasticity that underlies functional recovery in chronic stroke patients.

 
3295.   29 Resting State fMRI During Spinal Cord Stimulation -permission withheld
Amir Abduljalil1, Chima Oluigbo2, Xiangyu Yang1, Andrew Kalnin3, Michael V. Knopp4, and Ali Rezai2
1Wright Center of Innovation, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States, 2Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States, 3Radiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States, 4The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States

 
Spinal cord stimulation is an established treatment option for chronic neuropathic pain. However, the cortical processing of sensory information regarding the perception of pain and the stimulation induced pain relief has not yet been well understood. Resting state fMRI and graph theory methodology can provide an insight to the cortical response. In this study, the functional response to four different settings of the spinal cord stimulation was analyzed and significant correlation to the functional brain network measures has been detected.

 
3296.   30 Initial Study on Functional Connectivity of Children with Profound Bilateral Prelingual Hearing Loss
Yongquan Ye1, Jie Yang1, Ewart Mark Haacke1, and Shuang Xia2,3
1Radiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States, 2Radiology, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, 3Radiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, Tianjin, China

 
The development and elaboration of auditory cortical areas and its interactive connections with other brain functions is yet to be understood, as it is of primary importance to development of speech, language, cognition (memory and attention), literacy, etc. However, few studies, if any, have compared the functional connectivity between children (2-5 y/o) with profound bilateral hearing loss and normal hearing. In this study, we will explore the variations in resting state functional connectivity related to hearing capability, and to obtain an insight to what can be at stake if hearing loss is not properly treated in a timely manner.

 
3297.   31 Comparison of the Functional Brain Connectivity Network in Night Shift Workers with and Without Shift Work Disorder: A Resting State fMRI Analysis
Siamak P. Nejad-Davarani1,2, Valentina Gumenyuk3, Hassan Bagher-Ebadian4,5, Scott J. Peltier2, John Budaj1, Christopher L. Drake3, Douglas C. Noll2, Quan Jiang1,5, and Michael Chopp1
1Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States, 2Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States, 3Sleep Disorders and Research Center, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States, 4Radiology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States, 5Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, United States

 
We have used resting state fMRI to study the functional connectivity network in individuals with Shift Work Sleep Disorder (SWSD) and compared it to the connectivity networks of asymptomatic night shift workers (SWC) and daytime workers (NC). We used a framework in our analysis for segmenting the brain and finding the correlation between the fMRI signals in each segment pair. Our results show differences in the functional connectivity network between the NC and SWC groups however, the connectivity pattern of the SWC group is more correlated to the NC group than the SWSD group pattern which confirms previously reported results.

 
3298.   33 Combined Structural and Functional Connectivity Analysis in Multiple Sclerosis -permission withheld
Edmund W. Wong1, Roxana Teodorescu2, Lazar Fleysher2, Cheuk Ying Tang1, Matilde Inglese2, and David Matthew Carpenter1
1Radiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States, 2Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States

 
We combined diffusion tensor imaging and resting state fMRI to assess the relationship between white matter integrity and functional coactivation during resting state in patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RR-MS) and healthy controls. The analysis was performed using independent component analysis to identify the default mode network, followed by dual-regression analyses used to find voxels where coactivation of the default mode network was correlated with global and, in a separate analysis, cingulum bundle FA. An inverse relationship was observed in both global and cingulum bundle FA with coactivations within the default mode network.

 
3299.   34 Learnings and Recommendations for Performing Multi-Center Clinical Drug Trials with Resting State Functional MRI in Alzheimer Patient Population: Data Processing Pipelines and Functional Connectivity Metrics
Alexandre Coimbra1, Farshid Faraji2, Alex De Crespigny1, and David Clayton2
1Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, United States, 2Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States

 
In single-site studies, brain functional connectivity metrics (FCMs) measured by resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) have been reported to be sensitive to Alzheimer Disease (AD, [1]), beta-amyloid burden [2], and therapeutic effect [3]. Exploratory RS-fMRI was included in two global Phase II studies of a novel AD amyloid drug. We studied different types of data processing pipelines and FCMs make recommendations based on ensuing FCMs test-retest performance and ability to differentiate cohorts scanned at 1.5T vs. 3T magnets. A discussion on FCMs and statistical power to detect changes due to disease progression and/or therapeutic effect is also provided.

 
3300.   35 Reliability of Detecting Functional Connectivity Changes in Alzheimer's Disease
Guangyu Chen1, Chunming Xie1, Guangyu Chen1, Wenjun Li1, B. Douglas Ward1, Jennifer L. Jones2, Malgorzata Franczak2, Piero G. Antuono2, and Shi-Jiang Li1
1Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States, 2Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States

 
Understanding the reliability of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging is essential to the successful application of the technique. This study will demonstrate the key factors that affect the reliability of detecting functional connectivity changes in studying brain disorders.

 
3301.   36 Unconstrained Cross-Network Directional Interactions in Schizophrenia
Dongyi Liao1, Lena Palaniyappan2, Karthik Ramakrishnan Sreenivasan1, Peter Liddle3, Molly Simmonite2, and Gopikrishna Deshpande1,4
1AU MRI Research Center, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States, 2Translational Neuroimaging, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom, 3Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom, 4Department of Psychology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States

 
In this study, we demonstrate decreased effective connectivity in resting state networks of Schizophrenics as compared to healthy individuals. Resting state fMRI data were acquired from both groups and subjected to multivariate Granger causality analysis coupled with blind deconvolution of the hemodynamic response using a cubature Kalman filter. Casual interactions were significantly impaired for subjects with schizophrenia, especially the outputs from Insula and posterior parietal cortex. This disconnectivity is likely to be an important factor in the core pathophysiology of schizophrenia.

 
3302.   37 WITHDRAWN
 
3303.   38 Functional Connectivity Alterations in Asymptomatic High School Football Players
Trey Shenk1, Kausar Abbas1, Evan Breedlove2, Victoria N. Poole3,4, Katherine Breedlove5, Larry Leverenz5, Eric Nauman2,4, Thomas Talavage1,3, and Meghan Robinson3,6
1Electrical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States, 2Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States,3Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States, 4Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States, 5Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States, 6Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States

 
We have explored resting state functional connectivity in asymptomatic high school American football players and a cohort of non-contact athletes peers. Seed-based default mode network (DMN) analysis reveals that while the total number of voxels included in the DMN did not change significantly with hits, the location of the DMN, as defined by number of voxels in MarsBaR regions, did. Independent component analysis (ICA) on all sessions was used to find stable networks. Pairwise correlations between networks were significantly different in players than controls in 8 of the 15 pairs, and further were correlated with hits in some cases.

 
3304.   39 Lateralization of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Using Resting State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Jeiran Choupan1, Zhengyi Yang2, Luca Cocchi3, Julia Hocking1, and David C. Reutens1
1Centre for Advanced Imaging, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, 2School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, 3Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia

 
This abstract focus on finding comprehensive set of measures of functional connectivity in order to improve the localization of the seizure focus in temporal lobe epilepsy patients. The measurement includes resting state functional connectivity, regional homogeneity, amplitude of low frequency fluctuation, fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuation and voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity. We have found that, not only the whole brain hippocampal functional connectivity, but also other high level features of resting state fMRI signal, such as regional homogeneity, amplitude of low frequency fluctuation differ between left and right temporal lobe epilepsy groups. These results can be incorporated in pattern classification methods as prior knowledge to increase the classification accuracy.

 
3305.   40 HIgh-Resolution Functional Connectivity Mapping of Eloquent Cortex Networks in Surgical Epilepsy Patients at 7T
Steven M. Stufflebeam1, Naoro Tanaka1, Boris Keil1, Linda Douw1, Lawrence L. Wald1, and Christina Triantafyllou1
1Radiology, MGH-Martinos Center, Charlestown, MA, United States

 
We acquired resting-state BOLD fMRI at 7T MRI in six patients with medically refractory partial epilepsy and identified 3 clinically relevant resting-state networks: default mode, motor, and language networks. The laterality of these networks was calculated by computing a laterality index based on the left and right hemisphere correlation maps. We localized all networks and found that the language network was left lateralized, as was the default mode network in a subject with temporal lobe epilepsy. This suggests that, even at an individual subject level, 7T task-free BOLD fMRI localizes and lateralizes eloquent cortex that is critical for presurgical mapping. including motor, language and memory tasks performed.

 
3306.   41 Support Vector Machine Classification of Stroke Using Resting State Functional Connectivity
Svyatoslav Vergun1, Veena A. Nair2, Matthew Jensen3, Marcus Chacon3, Justin Sattin3, and Vivek Prabhakaran2
1Medical Physics, UW-Madison, Madison, WI, United States, 2Radiology, UW-Madison, Madison, WI, United States, 3Neurology, UW-Madison, Madison, WI, United States

 
Multivariate pattern analysis methods have been shown successful in extracting significant information and classifying individual scans. In this work, a support vector machine classifier accurately discriminated between stroke and normal aging subjects based on their resting state functional connectivity. 50 resting state fMRI scans from 24 normal and 26 stroke subjects were preprocessed and time series from 160 functional ROIs were correlated to produce a functional connectivity matrix for each subject. Each subject’s correlations were input as features into the classifier, which predicted subjects with 80% accuracy using leave-one-out cross validation. Sensorimotor network connectivity was most influential for classification.

 
3307.   42 ADHD and the Role of the Posterior Cingulate Cortex in Resting State Studies of Infant Volunteers of Latin Origin
Benito de Celis Alonso1, Silvia Hidalgo Tobón2, Pilar Dies Suarez2, Manuel Obregon Espejel2, Porfirio Ibañez Fernández2, Heidi de la Rosa Guzmán2, Eduardo Castro Sierra2, and Eduardo Barragán Pérez2
1Faculty of Medicine, BUAP, Puebla, Puebla, Mexico, 2Hospital Infantil de México, Mexico City, México FD, Mexico

 
ADHD is the most common neurological disorder in intants with a prevalence circa 5%. This illness is considered to be in an 80% originated buy genetic factors and in a 20% by environmental factors. Almost all of the literature containing MR work in this field is based in studies on subjects from European, North American or Asian origin. No studies of this kind exist on Latin American subjects (different genetic pool). In this abstract we compared resting state scans of healthy and non-healthy ADHD patients of Latin origin and compared these results to the literature findings with a special focus on the role of the posterior cingulate cortex.

 
3308.   43 Functional Networks and Their Modulation by Cortisol as Investigated by Pseudo Continuous Arterial Spin Labeling (PCASL)
Ariane Orosz1, Leila Maria Soravia1, Andrea Federspiel1, Roland Wiest2, Thomas Dierks1, and Kay Jann1
1Dept. of Psychiatric Neurophysiology, University Hospital of Psychiatry / University of Bern, Bern, Bern, Switzerland, 2Institut of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University of Bern / Inselspital, Bern, Bern, Switzerland

 
The effect of the stress-hormone cortisol on cerebral blood flow (CBF) within functionally connected networks (FCN) was investigated using arterial spin labeling (ASL). The cortisol level fluctuates in a diurnal rhythm and might alter network connectivity and metabolism in FCNs representing higher cognitive functions or emotional processing. Three groups with different cortisol levels (high, medium, low) were measured. The FCNs displaying the spatial pattern of the medial-temporal network and the default mode network were identified by independent component analysis. Network CBF quantification revealed different average CBF in distinct FCNs, but no particular impact of cortisol at resting state.

 
3309.   44 Assessing the Effect of Midazolam on the Brain Functional Connectivity Using Graph Analysis
Hazim Omar1, Theodore Kypraios2, Dorothee P. Auer1, and Naranjargal Dashdorj1
1Radiological and Imaging Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom, 2School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom

 
Resting state fMRI had been reported to have small-world architecture in the brain. We investigate the effect of hypnotic and sedative drug, midazolam administration on the functional brain network by using graph analysis and found a small-world network characteristic in both condition pre and post midazolam administration with a significant increase in clustering coefficient which indicate synchronized cliquishness functional network. There is also significant increase in local efficiency which reflects the increase in ability of a network in transmitting the information. This evidence suggests graph theory analysis can provide an insight in exploring the effect in functional brain connectivity.

 
3310.   45 Acetazolamide Blocks Increase in fc-fMRI Global Signal in Hypoxia, While Increasing Default Mode Network Correlations
Kang Wang1, Zachary M. Smith1, Chi Wah Wong1, and David J. Dubowitz1
1University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States

 
High altitude hypoxia increases CMRO2, CBF, and OEF. We investigated how this might impact BOLD functional connectivity. 5 subjects were studied during normoxia, and following 2-days sustained hypoxia with and without acetazolamide prophylaxis (a treatment for high altitude hypoxia symptoms). Hypoxia increased overall correlations with posterior cingulated cortex, and the global signal amplitude. Acetazolamide mitigated these global effects, while increasing correlations in the default mode network. CO2 has been implicated as a modulator of BOLD functional connectivity, but during hypoxia this does not seem to be the sole contributor. Alterations in CBF, CMRO2 and neuronal activity must also be considered.

 
3311.   46 Effects of Oxygen-Enhanced fMRI in the Resting-State Networks
Johnny Ng1, Ying Wei Wu2, Xiaofen Tao2, Edmund Wong1, David Carpenter1, and Cheuk Tang1,3
1Dept. of Radiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States, 2Dept. of Radiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, China, 3Dept. of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States

 
Using pure oxygen as an MR contrast agent (Oxygen-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging) has been used in recent years. It is being used to investigate its effect on brain function and epilepsy in normal controls. However, there is no previous work has studied the effect of oxygen on resting-state fMRI in human. The aim of this study to investigate the difference in activation in the resting-state networks of healthy controls when performing functional scans with and without oxygen enhancement. 26 healthy subjects participated in this study. Significant differences were detected when comparing oxygen enhanced scans versus ambient air scans.

 
3312.   47 Hypoxia Decreases Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Anesthetized Rats
Joe S. Cheng1,2, Iris Y. Zhou1,2, Patrick P. Gao1,2, Russell W. Chan1,2, and Ed X. Wu1,2
1Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 2Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Hong Kong, Hong Kong

 
Resting-state functional MRI (rsfMRI) utilizing blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) contrast has increasingly used to map inter and intra-hemispheric connectivity in normal and diseased brains. However BOLD is a complex function of changes in oxygen metabolism, cerebral blood flow (CBF), and cerebral blood volume (CBV). While the effect of various gas inspirations including hypoxia on baseline and stimulus-evoked BOLD signal have been documented, how BOLD synchronization or rsfMRI can be affected by hypoxia has not been investigated. This study aims to assess the effect of graded hypoxia on BOLD rsfMRI connectivity in an animal model and shows that both mild and severe hypoxia suppressed BOLD rsfMRI connectivity significantly.

 
3313.   48 Functional Connectivity of the Mouse Brain Is Influenced by State of Consciousness: A Comparison of Awake and Differentially Anesthetized Mouse rsfMRI Protocols.
Elisabeth Jonckers1, Rafael Delgado y Palacios1, Disha Shah1, Caroline Guglielmetti1, Marleen Verhoye1, and Annemie Van der Linden1
1Biomedical Sciences, Bio-Imaging Lab, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium

 
The use of resting state functional MRI (rsfMRI) in preclinical research is expanding progressively, but the majority of resting state imaging is obtained in anesthetized animals. Since it is known that anesthesia may influence the functional connectivity (FC) outcome, we compared rsfMRI data from awake mice with results obtained from mice anesthetized with á-chloralose, urethane or isoflurane (1%). Overall, we can conclude that to study interhemispheric FC using ICA in mice, a 15 component analysis should be used in urethane or á-chloralose anesthetized animals. Moreover awake mouse rsfMRI is proven to be possible and useful but needs to be optimized.

 

ELECTRONIC POSTER SESSION • FUNCTIONAL MRI (NEURO)
Monday, 22 April 2013 (16:30-17:30) Exhibition Hall
fMRI Acquisition Methods

  Computer #  
3314.   
49 Simultaneous Multi-Slice Spectral-Spatial Excitation for Reduced Signal Loss Artifact in BOLD FMRI
Robert James Anderson1, Benedikt A. Poser1, and Victor Andrew Stenger1
1Dept. of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States

 
Simultaneous Multi-Slice (SMS) imaging methods can increase BOLD fMRI acquisition speeds by factors of four and greater. However, fMRI in the inferior brain still remains difficult due to susceptibility induced signal loss in gradient-echo EPI. Recently, spectral spatial (SPSP) pulses have been shown to correct signal loss in a single excitation. Here we extend the SPSP method to SMS excitations and demonstrate Multi-Band (MB) and Power Independent Number of Slices (PINS) SPSP pulses that are capable of exciting multiple signal-loss corrected slices simultaneously. Using breath-hold fMRI at 3T, we demonstrate that the pulses successfully recover lost signal and activation.

 
3315.   50 Characterization and Mitigation of Signal Leakage in Simultaneous Multi-Slice (SMS) Acquisition
Kawin Setsompop1,2, Stephen F. Cauley3, Himanshu Bhat4, Jonathan R. Polimeni1,2, and Lawrence L. Wald1,2
1A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, MGH, Charlestown, MA, United States, 2Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States, 3Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States, 4Siemens Medical Solutions, Charlestown, MA, United States

 
Simultaneous Multi-Slice (SMS) acquisition with blipped-CAIPI scheme has enabled dramatic reduction in imaging time for fMRI and Diffusion imaging. The signal leakage is an important metric that characterizes signal corruption (due to leakage of signal from one slice to another) for such an acquisition. . In this work, we demonstrate a technique that can be used to rapidly compute signal leakage metrics, and demonstrate two techniques to modifying the slice-GRAPPA (SG) reconstruction to significantly reduce leakage artifact without affecting the g-factor penalty.

 
3316.   51 Zoomed Resolution in Simultaneous Multi-Slice EPI for fMRI
David Feinberg1,2, Liyong Chen2,3, and An T. Vu4
1Advanced MRI Technologies, Sebastopol, CA, United States, 2Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States,3Advanced MRI Technologies, LLC, Sebastopol, CA, United States, 4CMRR, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States

 
Recently the simultaneous multi-slice (SMS) EPI technique which reduces the scan time has been combined with in-plane parallel imaging (e.g. GRAPPA) to achieve high spatial resolution at the cost of increased g-factors, phase drift, motion sensitivity and temporal instability. We introduce Zoomed Multi-Band Imaging (ZOMBI) which combines SMS EPI with outer volume suppression (OVS) instead of GRAPPA and compare against SMS EPI with GRAPPA. We find that ZOMBI achieves high isotropic spatial resolution while maintaining faster TR and improving temporal SNR. This obtainable high resolution is immediately useful for vision science research at 3T and 7T.

 
3317.   52 Simultaneous Multislice Spiral Imaging Using Z-Gradient Modulation and Parallel Receive Coils
Alan Chu1 and Douglas C. Noll1
1Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States

 
We propose a simultaneous multislice spiral imaging method that uses z-gradient modulation during readout for better slice separation. The method uses a multiple-coil receive array and sensitivity maps for the iterative reconstruction. Although the method can be used in a variety of applications, it has particular potential in fMRI because of the inherent advantages of spiral readout and increased efficiency from multislice acquisition. We demonstrate the method in an fMRI scan with promising results.

 
3318.   53 Improved Detection of Subcortical Resting State Networks in Functional MRI Using Multi-Echo Simultaneous Multi-Slice Acquisition
Valur Olafsson1, Prantik Kundu2, Chi Wah Wong1, Jia Guo3, Peter A. Bandettini4,5, Eric Wong1, and Thomas Liu1
1Center for Functional MRI, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, United States, 2Section on Functional Imaging Methods, NIMH, Bethesda, MD, United States, 3Center for Functional MRI, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States, 4Section on Functional Imaging Methods, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, United States, 5Functional MRI Facility, NIMH, Bethesda, MD, United States

 
Resting-state functional connectivity of human subcortical structures is of a particular interest due to its role in common cognitive functions. In this study we investigated the detection performance of subcortical resting-state functional connectivity networks, when using a multi-echo simultaneous multi-slice (MESMS) acquisition to increase the number of volumes collected per scan time, as compared to a multi-echo single slice acquisition. Our results showed that higher acquisition efficiency provided by MESMS provided an increase in the robust detection of subcortical networks.

 
3319.   54 Stronger Brain Functional Connectivity Revealed by Multi-Band Acquisition of FMRI
Zhan Xu1, Guangyu Chen2, Andrew S. Nencka1, and Shi-Jiang Li1
1department of biophysics, medical college of wisconsin, milwaukee, wi, United States, 2department of biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, milwaukee, wi, United States

 
By applying multi-slice acquisition technique in resting state fMRI, we find out brain functional connectivity is stronger in this modality compare to standard slice by slice acquisition, in addition to less scan time. By using open source data from U- Minn, in which both Multi-slice acquired data and standard acquired data have same resolution, we did test with under same scan time and same slice number. The multi-slice data displays higher brain connectivity. A reasonable explanation is multi-slice method has higher sample frequency which leads to stronger temporal SNR. We then did a simulation to test our hypothesis

 
3320.   55 High-Quality and High-Resolution fMRI Enabled by Multiplexed Parallel Reconstruction of Segmented EPI Data
Hing-Chiu Chang1, Pooja Gaur2, Ying-Hui Chou3, and Nan-Kuei Chen1
1Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States, 2Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States, 3Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States

 
The spatial resolution of fMRI data can be significantly improved with segmented EPI acquisition, which is highly susceptible to undesirable aliasing artifacts originating from subtle subject motion, B0 drifting, and other types of signal inconsistencies among multiple EPI segments of each fMRI volume. These aliasing artifacts lead to increased time-domain signal fluctuation in dynamic segmented EPI scans. A novel algorithm, termed multiplexed parallel reconstruction, to effectively remove undesirable aliasing artifacts in segmented EPI based fMRI was reported to produce high-quality, high-resolution and high-SNR fMRI without relying on any external navigator signal.

 
3321.   56 Highly Accelerated EPI Evaluated for fMRI
Liyong Chen1,2, An T. Vu1,2, Junqian Xu3, Kamil Ugurbil3, Essa S. Yacoub3, and David Feinberg2,4
1Advanced MRI Technologies, LLC, Sebastopol, CA, United States, 2Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United States,3CMRR, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States, 4Advanced MRI Technologies, Sebastopol, CA, United States

 
Multiplexed EPI utilizes multiband (MB) rf pulses and simultaneous image refocusing (SIR) to reduce the sampling TR of fMRI experiments. Here we evaluate different combinations of MB and SIR for accelerations up to N=48 images per EPI echo train. We found that for high accelerations, N>=8, multiplexed EPI with SIR 2 gave improvement over accelerations with MB alone in terms of tSNR, BOLD CNR, and BOLD information content. TRs around 600 – 300 ms gave the best single trial classification accuracy, suggesting significant BOLD information exists at very high temporal frequencies and demonstrating the importance of highly accelerated EPI for fMRI.

 
3322.   57 Simultaneous fMRI Acquisition of Distributed Brain Regions with High Temporal Resolution
Jürgen Finsterbusch1,2
1Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany, 2Neuroimage Nord, Hamburg-Kiel-Lübeck, Germany

 
A single T2*-weighted echo-planar image of the human brain can be acquired within 50-80ms on standard whole-body MR system. In most fMRI experiments, distributed regions-of-interest are targeted and several slices must usually be acquired. Thus, the experiment’'s temporal resolution is reduced accordingly and the different regions-of-interest are not acquired at identical time points. With a tailored 2D-selective RF excitation, several small target volumes at dedicated locations can be excited and acquired in a single projection image for an appropriate image orientation. Thus, the different regions-of-interest can be acquired simultaneously with the high temporal resolution of a single-slice acquisition.

 
3323.   58 Comparison of SSFP and Multiband EPI in Functional MRI at 7 Tesla
Zhongwei Chen1, Rong Xue1, and Danny J.J. Wang2
1State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China,2Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States

 
In this study, we systematically evaluated the sensitivity of 4 emerging fMRI methods including fast gradient echo (GRE), passband and transition band balanced steady-state free precession (SSFP), and multiband EPI to visual cortex stimulation at 7 Tesla using both block and event-related designs. Our results showed that GRE and passband SSFP provide the highest functional sensitivity (peak and mean t-value) and can reliably detect initial dip in hemodynamic response function curves. We also found that transition band SSFP has the most sensitivity to physiological noise.

 
3324.   59 Analytic Solution of the Optimum Flip Angle for Pass-Band SSFP fMRI Prescribes High Flip Angle Acquisitions
Steve Patterson1,2 and Chris Bowen1,2
1Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada, 2Institute for Biodiagnostics (Atlantic), NRC, Halifax, NS, Canada

 
Most pass-band SSFP fMRI studies employ the signal-optimizing flip angle (lower case Greek alphas), which maximizes on-resonant signal and produces a flat pass-band signal vs. off-resonance profile. In this work we derive an analytical expression for the BOLD contrast-optimizing flip angle (lower case Greek alphac). Using literature-reported relaxation times for grey matter, we found that lower case Greek alphac  lower case Greek alphas + 20o for B0 from 1.5-7T. We tested our result against Monte Carlo simulations of SSFP fMRI BOLD contrast at 3T and found that the BOLD contrast-optimizing flip angle maximizes on-resonant BOLD contrast (23% increase from lower case Greek alphas) and produces a flat pass-band BOLD contrast vs. off-resonance profile.

 
3325.   60 Robust 7T Spin Echo BOLD fMRI Using Subject-Tailored Multidimensional Excitation and Refocusing Pulses
Manus J. Donahue1 and William A. Grissom2
1Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States, 2Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States

 
The purpose of this study is to develop and implement tailored radiofrequency (RF) excitation and refocusing pulses at 7T to allow for robust detection of R2-weighted spin echo (SE) blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) activity in multiple brain regions. A 150% improvement in spatial specificity and 52% improvement in CNR was demonstrated for 7T SE BOLD performed using tailored spokes and kT point refocusing pulses compared with a standard sequence using sinc-excitation and composite refocusing.

 
3326.   61 Recovering TSNR and BOLD Sensitivity by Combining Hyperbolic Secant RF Excitation Pulses and Compensatory Gradients
Stephen James Wastling1, David J. Lythgoe1, and Gareth John Barker1
1Department of Neuroimaging, King's College London, London, United Kingdom

 
Functional MRI data acquired using gradient-echo echo-planar imaging (GE-EPI) suffers from signal-dropout in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and temporal lobes (TL) caused by susceptibility gradients in the slice-selection, Gz,s, phase-encoding, Gy,s, and readout, Gx,s ,directions. For the first time we combine the use of full-passage scaled-down Hyperbolic Secant (HS) excitation pulses and gradient compensation in the readout direction to recover BOLD signal in regions with signal dropout caused by Gz,s and Gx,s. We demonstrate improvements in temporal signal-to-noise ratio and BOLD sensitivity in the OFC and TL of six healthy male volunteers compared to conventional GE-EPI.

 
3327.   62 Single Shot BOLD fMRI with Signal-Loss Compensation Using Interleaved Dual-Echo Acquisition (IDEA) EPI
Benedikt A. Poser1, Benjamin Zahneisen1, Robert James Anderson1, Markus Barth2,3, and Victor Andrew Stenger1
1John A Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States, 2Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands, 3Erwin L Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University Essen-Duisburg, Essen, Germany

 
Signal loss in GE-EPI is a problem that compromises the detection of BOLD activation near the air cavities, e.g. in frontal cortex and around the ear canals. The ‘Interleaved Dual-Echo Acquisition”(IDEA EPI) sequence that was recently proposed as a solution to Nyquist ghosting, is modified by incorporating a z-shim. With this we present a novel and effective method that (a) allows through-plane gradient compensation in a single shot, (b) is compatible with high-resolution fMRI and (c) remains insensitive to N/2 ghosting. The approach is evaluated using in vivo scans and breathold fMRI at 1.5x.1.5mm2 resolution; signal voids are drastically reduced.

 
3328.   63 RF Pulse Comparison for the Hybrid Gradient and Spin Echo EPI Pulse Sequence for fMRI
Brice Fernandez1, Gavin Houston2, Victor Spoormaker3, Marion Smits4, Michael Czisch3, and Patrick Le Roux5
1EMEA Research and Collaboration, Applied Science Laboratory, GE Healthcare, Munich, Germany, 2EMEA Research and Collaboration, Applied Science Laboratory, GE Healthcare, Rotterdam, Netherlands, 3RG Neuroimaging, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany, 4Departement of Radiology, Erasmus MC - University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands, 5EMEA Research and Collaboration, Applied Science Laboratory, GE Healthcare, Palaiseau, France

 
Hybrid gradient (GRE) and spin-echo (SE) pulse sequences are an interesting alternative to GRE functional MRI (fMRI). In this preliminary work, to minimize the difference between the GRE and the SE profile, two pairs of RF pulses (excitation and refocusing pulses) were designed, implemented and evaluated in a basic visual fMRI experiment. The results shows that a typical profile difference (<6%) between the SE and the GRE profile is not problematic in the context of fMRI. Our results give also some insight for further improvement of the RF pulse pair used in this hybrid pulse sequence.

 
3329.   64 Recovery of Susceptibility Induced Signal Loss in Reduced Field-Of-View EPI-BOLD Using Z-Shim
W. Scott Hoge1, Hong Pan1, Ravi T. Seethamraju2, Keith A. Heberlein3, and Emily Stern1
1Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, 2Siemens Healthcare, Boston, MA, United States, 3Siemens Healthcare USA, Boston, MA, United States

 
We present a method combining a reduced field of view (rFOV) EPI acquisition sequence with z-shim compensation. Echo planar imaging of the human brain suffers from geometric distortion and signal loss near regions of high magnetic susceptibility, such as near the nasal sinuses. rFOV is effective in reducing in-plane distortion, but requires z-shim compensation to mitigate signal loss from local through-plane gradients. Z-shim compensation combined with rFOV-EPI enables a comprehensive solution to susceptibility artifacts in EPI, and is an important step towards achieving high temporal- and spatial-resolution functional imaging of deep brain structures.

 
3330.   65 Evaluation of Readout-Segmented EPI for Use in fMRI at 7T
Ryan K. Robison1,2 and Allen T. Newton2,3
1Philips Healthcare, Nashville, Tennessee, United States, 2Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States, 3Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt, Nashville, Tennessee, United States

 
Readout-segmented EPI is applied herein to functional MRI to reduce the effects of shot-to-shot signal variations. At ultra high field, geometric distortion may compromise the use of single-shot EPI for functional studies, particularly for high spatial resolution. Interleaved multi-shot EPI has been investigated as an alternative but is strongly affected by shot-to-shot signal variations. Improvement in temporal SNR is shown for readout-segmented EPI as compared to interleaved multi-shot EPI. Improved geometric distortion is also shown for readout-segmented EPI as compared to single-shot EPI.

 
3331.   66 K-Space Density Weighted Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Mario Zeller1, Andreas J. Bartsch2,3, Alexander Müller1, Marcel Gutberlet4, Dietbert Hahn1, and Herbert Köstler1
1Institute of Radiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany, 2Department of Neuroradiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany,3FMRIB Centre, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom, 4Institute for Interventional and Diagnostic Radiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany

 
Echo planar images of conventional Cartesian fMRI are often spatially smoothed by a Gaussian filter prior to statistical analysis. K-space density weighting, on the other hand, allows to already record the data with a Gaussian shaped point spread function. This is achieved by sampling the k-space with a non-Cartesian trajectory. Such density weighting can, at the same time, be optimized for SNR efficiency by applying a matched filter. In this study, fMRI finger-tapping experiments were recorded with both approaches. Density weighting demonstrates significantly increased sensorimotor activations compared to conventional Cartesian imaging. Potential benefits of density weighted fMRI are discussed.

 
3332.   67 Analysis of BOLD Sensitivity in Matched Filter FMRI
Lars Kasper1, Maximilian Haeberlin1, Benjamin E. Dietrich2, Simon Gross1, Christoph Barmet2,3, Christian C. Ruff4, Klaas E. Stephan1,5, and Klaas P. Pruessmann1
1Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University & ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, 2Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, 3Skope Magnetic Resonance Technologies, Zurich, Switzerland, 4Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland,5Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College of London, London, United Kingdom

 
Matched-filter fMRI utilizes 2D-density weighted EPI to increase BOLD sensitivity. It matches acquisition density in k-space to the desired spatial response – typically a Gaussian kernel. Theory predicts significant SNR benefits from such acquisitions, which are maximal when thermal noise dominates and expected to decrease with higher physiological noise contributions. We explore the validity of this argument for different regimes of physiological noise in the brain and report consistent and replicable SNR increases of 20-40 % compared to uniform EPI acquisitions. For task-based fMRI, we observe a consistent increase in BOLD-sensitivity of 30 % (average t-value), and show reproducibility both within and between subjects (N=4).

 
3333.   68 Steady-State Functional MRI Using Small-Tip Fast Recovery (STFR) Imaging
Jon-Fredrik Nielsen1, Hao Sun2, Jeffrey A. Fessler2, and Douglas C. Noll1
1Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States, 2Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States

 
"Small-tip fast recovery" (STFR) is a recently-proposed steady-state imaging sequence that is a potential alternative to balanced SSFP. STFR relies on a tailored "tip-up" pulse to produce similar image contrast as bSSFP but with reduced banding artifacts. We evaluate the use of this new sequence for functional MRI using Monte Carlo Bloch simulations, and fMRI observations in visual cortex. Our results indicate that STFR can produce enhanced functional contrast compared to passband bSSFP.

 
3334.   69 Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping (QSM) for High Resolution Quantitative Cerebral Metabolic Rate of Oxygen (CMRO2)
Jingwei Zhang1, Mengchao Pei1, Tian Liu1,2, Ajay Gupta1, Cynthia Wisnieff1, Pina C. Sanelli,1, Pascal Spincemaille1, and Yi Wang1
1Department of Radiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, United States, 2MedImageMetric LLC, New York, NY, United States

 
Accurate measurement of cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) is highly desired for the assessment of brain cell function in health and in stroke.MRI offers the potential to map CMRO2 by estimating paragmagnetic deoxyhemoglobin concentration ([dHb]) from detected signal, which requires MRI signal modeling. We propose to use a rigorous deconvolution technique called quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) to map [dHb] and hence CMRO2.

 
3335.   70 Measuring Changes in Brain Oxygenation Using Dynamic T1 Weighted Imaging
Bryan Haddock1, Henrik B.W. Larsson1, Adam E. Hansen1, and Egill Rostrup1,2
1Department of Diagnostics, Glostrup Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark, 2Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

 
We evaluated changes in intra- and extravascular brain oxygenation during oxygen challenge on 11 subjects with a new MRI technique (TOLD). A model is presented to quantify extravascular changes in oxygen tension from the TOLD signal. We Found an increase in extravascular tissue oxygenation for white and grey matter. Our Model calculates a change in oxygen tension close to literature values from data. TOLD and BOLD data sets for the same breathing challenge are compared revealing intravascular changes in oxygen tension is more rapid than extravascular responses.

 
3336.   71 Functional Mapping of the Human Visual Cortex with Intravoxel Incoherent Motion (IVIM) MRI
Christian Federau1, Kieran O'Brien2, Adrien Birbaumer1, Reto Meuli1, Patric Hagmann1, and Philippe M. Maeder1
1Radiology, CHUV, Lausanne, VD, Switzerland, 2CIBM, Université de Genève, Lausanne, VD, Switzerland

 
Intravoxel Incoherent Motion MRI allows quantitative measurement of microvascular blood flow, and could therefore potentially have a higher spatial correlation with neuronal activation than the currently used BOLD technique. We demonstrate functional imaging with IVIM in the visual human brain, and present quantitative analysis showing increase in IVIM perfusion parameters during visual stimulation, in both the visual cortex, as well as, to a lesser extend, in the subcortical white matter.

 
3337.   72 Simultaneous Quantification of Cerebral Arterial Blood Volume and Flow During Visual Stimulation in Humans at 3 T.
Tae Kim1, Seong-Gi Kim1, and Kyongtae Ty Bae1
1University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States

 
Cerebral blood flow (CBF) and arterial blood volume (CBVa) in baseline and their changes associated with visual stimulation in humans were successfully measured using multi-slice FAIR with bipolar gradients at 3T. CBF and CBVa values were dynamically synchronous and highly overlapping during visual stimulation, suggesting that the dilation of CBVa is the major contributor to an increase in CBF in normal physiology. Simultaneous quantification of CBV and CBVa without the use of exogenous contrast agents is highly useful and clinical significant for the assessment of cerebrovascular viability and pathological conditions.

 

ELECTRONIC POSTER SESSION • FUNCTIONAL MRI (NEURO)
Monday, 22 April 2013 (17:30-18:30) Exhibition Hall
fMRI: Physiological Noise & Beyond BOLD

  Computer #  
3338.   49 Testing Whether the Brain Flow-Metabolism Coupling Ratio Is the Same for Two Different Stimulus Responses Without a Calibration Experiment
Valerie E M Griffeth1, Nicholas P. Blockley2, Aaron Simon3, and Richard B. Buxton4
1Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States, 2FMRIB, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, 3Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States, 4Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States

 
The simple and straightforward “ratio method” can be used test whether the CBF-CMRO2 coupling ratio is the same for two different stimulus responses using only combined CBF and BOLD measurements, independent of model parameters, and without an additional calibration experiment. We tested the ratio method using a previously published detailed BOLD model demonstrating that it is an effective approach for comparing stimulus responses in order to differentiate between values of CBF-CMRO2 coupling. We also include a reanalysis of recently published data on varying visual stimulus contrast showing consistency of these results in comparison to the traditional Davis model approach.

 
3339.   50 Measurements of Cerebral Blood Volume and BOLD Signal During Hypercapnia and Functional Stimulation in Humans at 7T: Application to Calibrated BOLD
Laurentius Huber1, Dimo Ivanov2,3, Steffen N. Krieger2, Claudine Joëlle Gauthier2, Elisabeth Roggenhofer4, Ilona Henseler4, Robert Turner2, and Harald E. Moeller1
1NMR-Unit, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany, 2Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany, 3Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands, 4Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany

 
VAscular Space Occupancy (VASO) is the most widely used method to investigate human functional cerebral blood volume (CBV) changes. These measurements are limited at high field strengths by low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) or inflow effects. A high-SNR VASO variant is introduced that can avoid inflow effects of fresh blood by using a newly-designed partial inversion pulse at 7T. The high SNR of the developed method was utilized to obtain voxel-wise estimates of the calibration factor M and CMRO2 changes on a single-subject basis.

 
3340.   51 Comparison of ASL Measures of Cerebrovascular Reactivity to CO2 Using Different Respiratory Manipulations -permission withheld
Felipe B. Tancredi1,2 and Richard D. Hoge1,2
1Institut de génie biomédical, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 2Unité de neuroimagerie fonctionnelle, CRIUGM, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

 
ASL measurements of the cerebrovascular reactivity to CO2 (CVR) provide an index of the cerebral vasculature’s health status and are also an important input for calibrated MRI. CVR is expressed as the increase in ASL-flow signal that is induced per unit increase in respiratory levels of CO2. We examined whether different respiratory manipulations lead to consistent measures of CVR. We found that because of the non-linearity of CO2-CBF dose-response curve, CVR values differ according to the manipulated levels of CO2. However, estimates tend to converge when CVR is expressed as the percent increase in flow signal.

 
3341.   52 A Quantitative Framework for Interpreting Relationships Between GABA, BOLD FMRI, and Hemodynamic Reactivity in MRI Voxels
Manus J. Donahue1 and Swati Rane1
1Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States

 
The purpose of this work is to outline a quantitative framework for interpreting the primarily correlative relationships that have very recently been reported between blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) contrast and ongoing inhibitory neuronal activity measured by baseline γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentration.

 
3342.   53 CBF Modulation of Task-Positive and Task-Negative BOLD Responses to a Cognitive Task: Differential Effects in the Default Mode Network
Ashley D. Harris1, Kevin Murphy1, and Richard G. Wise1
1CUBRIC - School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom

 
Using a working memory task, the modulation the BOLD response at different resting CBF is examined in regions associated with the task activation and deactivation. Task activation is reduced with increased baseline CBF as expected from modelling. Task deactivation differs regionally; the default mode network has increased task deactivation while other task-negative regions show less deactivation.

 
3343.   54 Measuring the Influence of Hypercapnia on Absolute CMRO2 in Humans
Kevin Murphy1, Ashley D. Harris1, and Richard G. Wise1
1CUBRIC, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom

 
Hypercapnia is often used in calibrated BOLD techniques to determine the maximum possible BOLD response. The assumption is that an increase in arterial CO2 tension will not affect CMRO2, a measure of brain metabolism. This assumption has been called into question with studies showing conflicting results. A framework is presented that models changes in CMRO2 caused by hypercapnia at two different CO2 levels: +4mmHg and +8mmHg. Decreases in CMRO2during hypercapnia were observed but only for the +8mmHg condition. This suggests that a low level of hypercapnia (~4mmHg) must be used for the assumption of calibrated BOLD to hold.

 
3344.   55 Efficient Measurement of Resting and Elevated Absolute CMRO2 and Their Within Session Repeatability in the Human Brain Using Calibrated FMRI
Alan J. Stone1, Kevin Murphy1, Ashley D. Harris1, and Richard G. Wise1
1Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom

 
We present a refined method for hyperoxic and hypercapnic calibration of BOLD signal that yields measurements of the absolute rate of cerebral oxygen consumption (CMRO2). We demonstrate that the measurements can be obtained in 9 mins, are repeatable within a scan session and are sensitive to sustained (18 min) task-related increases in absolute CMRO2. The sensitivity to sustained changes in CMRO2 indicates that the method proposed is promising for clinical or pharmacological applications in which CMRO2 is altered.

 
3345.   56 Mapping BOLD-Coupled CBF Changes with Improved Sensitivity
Molly G. Bright1 and Kevin Murphy1
1CUBRIC, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom

 
Resting state BOLD fMRI is a powerful technique for probing brain function. However, it is difficult to characterize these fluctuations using arterial spin labeling. We present a new method of mapping changes in CBF that are coupled to BOLD fluctuations, rather than linked to a modeled stimulus, within the framework of a general linear model and utilizing a dual-echo sequence to capture ASL and BOLD data simultaneously. This is a more sensitive method for mapping coupled CBF and BOLD changes throughout the brain than conventional correlation approaches, and also improves the robustness of CBF statistical maps during a known stimulus.

 
3346.   57 Spatial Variability in the Contribution of Cerebral Blood Flow Fluctuations to the Resting-State BOLD Signal
Sungho Tak1, Danny J.J. Wang2, Lirong Yan2, and J. Jean Chen3
1Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, 2Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, United States, 3University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

 
In this study, we investigated the contribution of cerebral blood flow (CBF) fluctuations to the resting-state BOLD signals. A dual-echo pseudo-continuous spin labeling (pCASL) method was used to simultaneously measure the BOLD and CBF responses, and a multivariate general linear model was applied to statistically analyze the relationship. We accounted for the time lag between BOLD and CBF, and modeled systemic physiological noise separately. Results show that the low-frequency fluctuations of the CBF and BOLD signals are significantly correlated but spatially variable, with particularly strong CBF contributions across major resting-state networks, including the default mode and anti-correlated networks.

 
3347.   
58 Subject-Specific BOLD fMRI Respiratory and Cardiac Response Functions Obtained from Global Signal
Maryam Falahpour1,2, Hazem Refai2, and Jerzy Bodurka1,3
1Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States, 2Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States, 3College of Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States

 
Slow changes in the heart rate and breathing pattern alter BOLD fMRI and can be misinterpreted as neural activation. It is common to employ respiratory and cardiac response functions (RRF, CRF) to map and remove the low-frequency physiological fluctuations from BOLD. However, both RRF and CRF have been analytically defined based on the average of multi-subject data and don’t account for intra-subject differences. We propose a novel approach that employs subject-specific, individualized RRFi and CRFi obtained from the whole brain global signal (GS). Our subject-specific approach explains more variance in data without creating the problems caused by GS regression.

 
3348.   59 Effects of Chest Motion and Respiratory Pressure Wave in the Brain Investigated Using High Spatial Resolution fMRI at 7 Tesla
Marta Bianciardi1, Karleyton C. Evans2, Jonathan R. Polimeni1, Tian Y. Song2, Boris Keil1, Christina Triantafyllou1, Bruce R. Rosen1, David A. Boas1, and Lawrence L. Wald1
1Department of Radiology, A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States, 2Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States

 
Respiration generates fMRI signal instability in the brain by different mechanisms, including chest motion, and pulsatile motion of blood/CSF due to respiratory-pressure-wave. We investigated the relative contribution of these effects, their spatial distribution, and the performance of different correction methods by acquiring whole-brain high-spatial-resolution magnitude and phase fMRI resting-state data at 7Tesla. Our results indicate that the major sources of respiratory-related signal instability are: chest motion in phase-data, and pulsatile motion in magnitude-data. Optimized correction of respiratory effects in both magnitude- and phase-data was achieved by combining RETROICOR with a method for estimating off-resonance changes in phase-data.

 
3349.   60 Automatic Selection of Artifact Components Via Residual K0 Phase
Andrew T. Curtis1 and Ravi S. Menon1
1Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

 
With the popular development of multi-channel, form fitting receive coils used in fMRI acquisitions, compromises in the EPI image reconstruction process result in a non-zero residual zero-order phase of a complex valued fMRI time-series. This phase is sensitive to residual motion and artifacts. It is proposed to use this signal as a reference to identity and remove artifact components in ICA based filtering.

 
3350.   61 Effects of Rapid Head Motions on Group fMRI Functional Connectivity Evaluated with E-REMCOR -permission withheld
Vadim Zotev1, Han Yuan1, Masaya Misaki1, Raquel Phillips1, Kymberly D. Young1, and Jerzy Bodurka1,2
1Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, United States, 2College of Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Tulsa, OK, United States

 
We have applied EEG-assisted retrospective motion correction (E-REMCOR) to evaluate effects of rapid head movements on fMRI functional connectivity data. Twenty MDD patients underwent a resting EEG-fMRI scan. Functional connectivity patterns for seed ROI in the medial prefrontal cortex obtained with and without E-REMCOR were compared. The comparison shows that rapid head movements increase the apparent connectivity strength with the seed ROI for anterior brain regions and reduce it for posterior regions. Our results confirm that effects of head motions are observed in group-level fMRI analysis. They further suggest that E-REMCOR is an efficient motion correction technique for fMRI.

 
3351.   62 Combining R2* Mapping and Slice Registration for fMRI Analysis of Moving Subjects
Sharmishtaa Seshamani1, Chris Gatenby2, Mads Fogtmann1, Xi Cheng1, Manjiri Dighe2, and Colin Studholme1
1Pediatrics, Bioengineering, Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, 2Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States

 
This abstract presents a method for combining R2* mapping with volume and slice correction to address motion and slice spin history artifacts in fMRI data of moving subjects. Experiments are presented on an adult with and without controlled motion, using a finger tapping paradigm. Results show that signal changes in the R2* map of the moving subject do not suffer from the severe motion artifacts present in the T2* weighted images. This is a very promising approach for both task based and resting state analysis of moving subjects.

 
3352.   63 The Effects of Receive Field Contrast on Motion-Corrected EPI Time Series: A Simulation of a 32 Channel Receive Array
Daniel J. Sheltraw1 and Ben Inglis1
1Henry H. Wheeler Jr. Brain Imaging Center, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States

 
The combination of receive field contrast and motion correction can introduce temporal modulations in fMRI data. In this work we report on simulations which estimate the size of this effect and its potential consequences to fMRI data acquired using a 32-channel head array.

 
3353.   64 Volumetric Space–Time Structure of Physiological Noise in BOLD FMRI
Arno Solin1, Simo Särkkä1, Aapo Nummenmaa2, Aki Vehtari1, Toni Auranen3, Simo Vanni3,4, and Fa-Hsuan Lin1,5
1Department of Biomedical Engineering and Computational Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland, 2Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States, 3Advanced Magnetic Imaging Centre, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland, 4Brain Research Unit, O.V. Lounasmaa Laboratory, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland, 5Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan

 
In this work we form volumetric temporal phase and amplitude maps of physiological oscillatory signals using fMRI data. We study the spatio-temporal structure of respiration and heart beat induced noises in the brain. The separation of the fMRI data into components was done with a Kalman filter and smoother (the DRIFTER method) using physiological reference signals for identifying the frequencies. We present proof-of-concept maps for one test subject, and discuss how this prior information can be applied to removal or estimation of quickly varying noise components in slow fMRI, and utilized in future fast-imaging techniques.

 
3354.   65 Modeling Physiological Fluctuations in Multi-Channel Coil fMRI Time-Series at 7T and 3T
Christina Triantafyllou1, Jonathan R. Polimeni1, Boris Keil1, and Lawrence L. Wald1,2
1A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States, 2Health Science and Technology, MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States

 
Sensitivity in BOLD fMRI is characterized by the time-series SNR, which contains fluctuations from thermal and physiological noise sources. In this work we investigate the need for a modified model describing the behavior of physiological noise in the fMRI time-series in multi-channel acquisitions and assess the new model’s dependence on the physiological noise correlations, tissue class and coil combination methods across field strengths of 3T and 7T. Our findings demonstrate that the proposed model could be used to characterize multi-channel array acquisitions at high and ultra-high field strengths and ultimately to optimize fMRI protocols towards maximizing tSNR.

 
3355.   66 Optimal SNR Combinations of Multi-Channel Coil Data for GRAPPA-Reconstructed and Time-Series EPI Data
Jonathan R. Polimeni1, Kawin Setsompop1, Christina Triantafyllou1, and Lawrence L. Wald1,2
1Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States, 2Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States

 
Here we introduce a coil combination method that accounts for the spatially-varying noise covariance matrix—present in both accelerated imaging and in fMRI time-series—to boost SNR. Because this matrix must be inverted and its rank varies spatially, a per-voxel regularization is required to yield SNR gains. We demonstrate an improvement in image SNR for GRAPPA-reconstructed phantom data and a tissue-specific improvement in time-series SNR for resting-state fMRI data. These results can also provide insight into the non-stationarity of physiological noise covariance across coil channels.

 
3356.   
67 cardioX: Short-Time Localized Sliding Estimate of Cardiac Component for Physiological Noise Removal in fMRI
Christine Law1
1University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom

 
The conventional technique for physiological noise reduction in fMRI uses Fourier analysis over long duration usually spanning the entire record. We propose, instead, a sliding window technique (cardioX) that more closely approximates the cardiac component variation over the short term. CardioX removes more cardiac energy in its frequency band than the coventional method.

 
3357.   68 Echo Time Dependence of Resting Signal Fluctuations in USPIO Based Cerebral Blood Volume Imaging: Implications for Task-Based and Resting State fMRI
Deqiang Qiu1, Greg Zaharchuk1, Thomas Christen1, Wendy W. Ni1, and Michael E. Moseley1
1Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States

 
In this study, we characterize the noise behaviour of post contrast fMRI (termed ICE-BVI) using the ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron particle (USPIO) under different echo times and static SNR. The result is useful in guiding study designs in task based and resting state ICE-BVI. It suggests that higher resolution task based ICE-BVI can be achieved without significantly sacrificing sensitivity, and that effective methods for reducing physiological noises are important for resting state ICE-BVI for studying functional connectivity.

 
3358.   69 Ferumoxytol Enhanced Resting State fMRI and Relative Cerebral Blood Volume, RCBV, Mapping in Normal Human Brain
Helen Erica D'Arceuil1, Alexandre Coimbra2, Pamela Triano3, Margaret Dougherty3, Julie Mello3, Michael E. Moseley4, Gary H. Glover5, Maarten Lansberg6, and Francis Blankenberg7
1Diagnostic Radiology, Stanford, Stanford, CA, United States, 2Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, United States, 3Department of Rehabilitation Services, Stanford Hospital and Clinics, Stanford, CA, United States, 4Diagnostic Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States, 5Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States, 6Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford Hospital and Clinics, Stanford, CA, United States, 7Pediatric Radiology, Stanford Hospital and Clinics, Palo Alto, CA, United States

 
Enhanced task-based fMRI signals in primate and human brains, compared to the BOLD effect, have been realized using Ferumoxytol. We explored the use of ferumoxytol as a susceptibility contrast agent for CBV weighted resting state fMRI in 6 volunteers at 3T. While the amplitude of low frequency fluctuations was greater post ferumoxytol, the mean z-score and volume of visual and default mode networks were similar for BOLD and CBV weighted scans. CBV-RS-fMRI is robust and may be suitable for use in neurologically impaired or head trauma patients where regional tissue loss renders task FMRI problematic or even untenable.

 
3359.   70 Detecting Neuronal Currents with MRI: A Human Study
Jie Huang1
1Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States

 
Neural activity associated local neuronal currents produce weak transient magnetic fields that would attenuate local MR signal intensity. There is not yet consensus as to whether the size of this attenuation is detectable with the current MRI techniques. Some groups have reported a successful detection of neuronal currents using MRI, but other groups failed to detect the activity. This study investigates the magnitude of the neuronal current-induced signal attenuation using a temporally well-controlled visual stimulation paradigm. The results show that the visual stimulus-evoked neuronal currents in the visual cortex do not induce detectable signal attenuation with the current MRI technique.

 
3360.   71 Very Low Current Detection in MRI: Some Limitations
Carlos Ernesto Garrido Salmon1 and Danilo Maziero1
1Department of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, FFCLRP, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil

 
In this study we model the magnitude and phase effect of one metallic wire with/without current inside an infinite medium during a single EPI sequence. We carry out an experimental comparison of the MR signal obtained in two solutions with the same magnetic permeability but different viscosities. The wire position inside the voxel and the mechanical properties of the medium have a strong influence in the magnitude and phase of the MRI signal in an in vitro ncMRI experiment. We conclude that mechanical effect could be dominant in very low current and low viscosity phantoms.

 
3361.   72 Gradient-Echo Imaging of Ionic Currents in Solution
Mukund Balasubramanian1, Padma Sundaram1, William M. Wells, III2, Robert V. Mulkern1, and Darren B. Orbach1
1Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 2Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States

 
Understanding the behavior of ionic volume currents in the presence of strong magnetic fields could assist efforts to use functional MRI to detect epileptiform discharges, especially when these discharges occur near cerebrospinal fluid spaces such as the lateral ventricles. However, studies on this topic are controversial: two competing mechanisms have been proposed to account for the behavior of these currents—the Lorentz effect model and the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model. Here, we address this controversy by directly testing the MHD hypothesis using an ionic current phantom and currents of varying duration. Our results provide experimental support for the MHD hypothesis.