Tim Leiner

Mitsue Miyazaki

Various established non-contrast enhanced MRA techniques such as time-of-flight (TOF), quiescent interval single-shot (QISS), fresh blood imaging (FBI), and a flow-in spin labeling are discussed with their characteristic features. In addition, recent on-going research techniques are introduced such as flow-sensitive dephasing (FSD), velocity-selective inversion preparation with 3D bSSFP, radial QISS, and radial fast interrupted steady-state (FISS).

Jeremy Collins

Contrast-enhanced MR angiography is an adaptable imaging technique that can be tailored to the clinical question posed. CE-MRA relies on subtracted and unsubtracted techniques applied to single station, multi station, and time-resolved CE-MRA. CE-MR Angiography is considered a reference standard for arterial evalation. More recent developments rely on imaging in the steady state with ECG-gating, applying acceleration schema to shorten imaging time without compromising the spatial resolution.

Susanne Schnell

Phase contrast MRI and its utilization to measure blood flow will be explained. Spins that move during an MRI acquisition exhibit different imaging characteristics compared to stationary spins. Flowing spins, for example from flowing blood, appear as an artifact in the image. However, by understanding these characteristics of flowing spins, their appearance can be utilized for angiographic purposes. 2D Phase contrast imaging is sensitized to flow by using a series of bipolar gradients to affect the phase signal of spins that flow with a uniform velocity in the direction parallel to the gradients. By utilizing ECG gating, blood flow velocities can be measured in a time-resolved manner. 2D phase contrast can be extended to a time-resolved 3D volume acquisition with 3-directional velocity encoding, which is called 4D flow MRI. This encoding of velocity enables quantification of flow hemodynamics. Furthermore, some potential sources of error will be discussed, such as misalignment of flow, velocity aliasing and phase offset errors.

Bum Soo Kim

This talk will describe the sequences used for MRA of intracranial and supraaortic vessels, and clinical application to cerebrovascular diseases, focusing on the contributions that MRA can make to diagnosis and follow-up. 

Mark Schiebler

This syllabus and the accompanying slides serve as an introduction to the use of pulmonary MRA for the primary diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. It is our hope that you will be able to start up a program at your institution based on this information.

Trisha Roy

This peripheral arterial educational session will review the pathophysiology and management of peripheral arterial disease, current imaging modalities, gaps in knowledge and opportunities for MRI to address the many remaining questions in this field.