2088

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Echo Planar Imaging induced errors in intracardiac 4D MRI flow quantification

Jos J.M. Westenberg¹, Hans C van Assen¹, Pieter J van den Boogaard¹, Jelle J Goeman¹, Hicham Saaid², Jason Voorneveld³, Johan Bosch³, Sasa Kenjeres⁴, Tom Claessens², Pankaj Garg⁵, Marc Kouwenhoven⁶, and Hildo J Lamb¹
¹Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands, ²Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium, ³Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands, ⁴University of Technology Delft, Delft, Netherlands, ⁵Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, United Kingdom, ⁶Philips Healthcare, Best, Netherlands

Echo Planar Imaging (EPI) is associated with inaccurate velocity quantitation in 4D flow MRI and errors depend on the orientation of readout and blip phase encoding gradient. This study evaluates EPI-related errors for in vivo intracardiac 4D flow MRI in a phantom and in healthy volunteers.

In A, the 4-chamber is shown (LV: left ventricle, LA: left atrium, RV: right ventricle, RA: right atrium). In B-D, gradient orientations for 4DEPI and 4DGRE are shown, similar as for the LV phantom. 4DEPI1_LA: long-axis oriented EPI with readout gradient parallel to the main flow, 4DEPI2_LA: long-axis oriented EPI with blip phase encoding gradient parallel to the main flow, 4DEPI3_SA: short-axis oriented EPI with both readout and blip phase encoding gradients perpendicular to the main flow. A cylinder-shaped control volume is positioned below the mitral valve.

In A, 1 indicates the LV phantom, 2 and 3 indicate bioprosthetic mitral and aortic valve. In B-D, gradient orientations for 4DEPI and 4DGRE are shown. 4DEPI1_LA: long-axis oriented EPI with readout gradient parallel to the main flow, 4DEPI2_LA: long-axis oriented EPI with blip phase encoding gradient parallel to the main flow, 4DEPI3_SA: short-axis oriented EPI with both readout and blip phase encoding gradients perpendicular to the main flow. A cylinder-shaped control volume is positioned below the mitral valve.