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Kiwamu Matsuoka^1,2, Masaki Oya^1,3, Manabu Kubota^1,4,5, Junya Fujino^3,5, Shisei Tei^4,5,6,7, Keisuke Takahata^1,8, Kenji Tagai¹, Yasuharu Yamamoto^1,8, Hitoshi Shimada^1,9, Chie Seki¹, Takashi Itahashi ⁵, Yuta Y. Aoki⁵, Haruhisa Ohta^5,10, Ryu-ichiro Hashimoto^5,11, Genichi Sugihara³, Takayuki Obata¹², Ming-Rong Zhang¹³, Tetsuya Suhara¹, Motoaki Nakamura^5,14, Nobumasa Kato⁵, Yuhei Takado¹, Hidehiko Takahashi^3,15, and Makoto Higuchi^1
1Department of Functional Brain Imaging, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan, ²Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan, ³Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan, ⁴Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, ⁵Medical Institute of Developmental Disabilities Research, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan, ⁶Institute of Applied Brain Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan, ⁷School of Human and Social Sciences, Tokyo International University, Kawagoe, Japan, ⁸Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan, ⁹Center for integrated human brain science, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan, ¹⁰Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan, ¹¹Department of Language Sciences, Graduate School of Humanities, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan, ¹²Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan, ¹³Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan, ¹⁴Kanagawa Psychiatric Center, Yokohama, Japan, ¹⁵Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan

Keywords: Psychiatric Disorders, Psychiatric Disorders

We conducted MRS and PET to examine if enhanced excitatory tones occur and correlate with astroglial activations and/or diminished dopaminergic suppression of astrocytic functions in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) cases. MRS revealed elevated glutamate and glutamine levels associated with astroglial activation in ASD versus control anterior cingulate cortex, while there were also inverse correlations between glutamine levels and dopamine D1 receptor availability in this area of both ASD cases and controls. Hence, dopamine transmissions may repress astroglial glutamine synthesis independently of the ASD etiology, while astroglial activation in ASD could elicit augmented glutamate synthesis and consequent excitation of neuronal tones.

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Melanie A Matyi¹, Leah D Church¹, Jeremy S Rudoler¹, Nadia Bounoua¹, Kaleigh E Wieand¹, Grace McIlvain², Curtis L Johnson², and Jeffrey M Spielberg^1
1Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States, ²Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States

Keywords: Psychiatric Disorders, Adolescents, anxiety

Mechanistic theories seeking to explain the onset of anxiety in adolescence propose that delayed myelination of the uncinate fasciculus (UF) confers risk for anxiety onset through, in part, deficits in regulation of emotions. Thus, we examined the relationship between two independent assays of UF structural integrity and measures of both dysfunctional emotion regulation and anxiety. We found that less UF structural integrity is related to more dysfunctional emotion regulation and anxiety. Furthermore, we found that dysfunctional emotion regulation mediates the relationship between UF structural integrity and anxiety.

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Minhui Ouyang^1,2, Kay Sindabizera¹, Tianjia Zhu^1,3, Jeffrey Berman^1,2, J. Christopher Edgar^1,2, and Hao Huang^1,2
1Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Phildaelphia, PA, United States, ²Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States, ³Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States

Keywords: Psychiatric Disorders, Gray Matter, Diffusion/Other Diffusion Imaging Techniques

The cellular and molecular processes inside the cerebral cortex play a critical role in typical brain development and neuropsychiatric disorders. Altered cytoarchitecture across brain regions in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was found with histology. Here, we noninvasively mapped the whole-brain cortical cytoarchitectural maturation in 52 children aged 6-9 years with ASD and 59 age-matched typically developmental (TD) children with diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI). Significant cortical mean kurtosis increases in the temporal and frontal regions were found in TD children with almost flat mean kurtosis changes in ASD observed, suggesting altered underlying cortical cytoarchitectural maturation in ASD. 

Huan Ma¹, Jianzhong Yang², Yingying Ding¹, Kun Li¹, Dafu Zhang¹, Zhongping Zhang³, and Xiaoyong Zhang^4
1Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China, ²Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China, ³Philips Healthcare，Guangzhou China, Guangzhou, China, ⁴Clinical Science, Philips Healthcare, Chengdu, China, Chengdu, China

Keywords: Psychiatric Disorders, Psychiatric Disorders, Major depressive disorder; Antidepressant medication; Magnetic resonance imaging; Radiomics; Machine learning

Based on the radiomics analysis framework and using machine learning, this study constructed a multiscale structural MRI prediction model to predict the early response of MDD patients to antidepressant medication, and determined the radiomics features with high weight for SSRIs/SNRIs selection. The results showed that the baseline radiomics model after normalization can effectively predict the early treatment response of ADM in adolescent MDD patients, and is superior to the model based on conventional imaging indicators and unnormalized radiomics features. The AUC, accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of predicting SSRIs improvement and SNRIs improvement are 0.954, 89.2%, 87.4% and 88.5%, 0.942, 91.9%, 82.5% and 86.8%, respectively.

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Dimitrios G. Gkotsoulias¹, Anna Bujanow¹, Simon Schmitt², Henryk Barthel³, Kirsten Mueller-Vahl², and Harald E. Moeller^4
1NMR Group, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany, ²Clinic of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany, ³Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany, ⁴Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany

Keywords: Psychiatric Disorders, Quantitative Susceptibility mapping, QSM, 7T, Tourette Syndrome, Substantia Nigra, Basal Ganglia

In this study, we used 7T MRI for identifying potential local associations of Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping (QSM) with tic severity in patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS), as well as T1w volumes for VBM analysis of the cerebellum. Our results indicate direct correlations of tic severity with the QSM values in substantia nigra and other basal ganglia regions, supporting the hypothesis that iron imbalance play a significant role in neurotransmitter dysregulations that lead to the symptomatology of GTS. VBM results show previously unreported GM morphometry alterations in Crus-I, a cerebellar region implicated in visual-motor integration, attention and cognition. 

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Renzo Torrecuso¹, Karsten Mueller¹, Kirsten Müller-Vahl², and Harald Möller^1
1NMR, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany, ²Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany

Keywords: Psychiatric Disorders, fMRI (resting state), Functional Connectivity, Tourette Syndrome

Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) is characterized by the expression of tics and frequently co-occurs with comorbidities including obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), depression, and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). For a better discrimination of GTS’ manifestation in brain networks, we analyzed resting-state fMRI data from patients with “GTS only” (no comorbidities) and “GTS plus” (with comorbidities) based on clinical ratings. Our findings suggest that increased intrinsic connectivity of insular cortex with putamen are causally related to GTS while decreased connectivity of the frontal pole, medial temporal and superior frontal gyrus is likely to be related to comorbidities.        

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Rhideeta Jalal¹, Aarti Nair¹, Joseph O'Neill², Hector Gutierrez¹, Kristen Laulette³, Mary Rshtouni³, Katherine Karlsgodt³, Carrie E. Bearden², and Brenda Bartnik-Olson^4
1Psychology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States, ²Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States, ³Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States, ⁴Radiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States

Keywords: Psychiatric Disorders, Spectroscopy, Adolecents

Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H-MRS) can provide valuable information about cortical activity and metabolite concentrations. Previous research using MRS has found alterations in the concentrations of neurotransmitters in neuropsychiatric disorders, notably in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and early-onset psychosis (EOP). We used ¹H-MRS to quantify signals associated with neurotransmitters in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), a brain region underlying social cognition, by measuring metabolite concentrations and its relationship to social impairments, in youth with ASD or EOP, and typically developing (TD) youth. 

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Maria Baida¹, Sana Vaziri¹, Marisa Lafontaine¹, Carly Demopoulos^1,2, Yi Li¹, and Yan Li^1
1Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States, ²Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States

Keywords: Psychiatric Disorders, Neuro, Spectroscopy

In this study, we used an automated spectral prescription method that predefined the left and right auditory cortex to compare neurotransmitter concentrations between ASD and typically developing control (TDC) and evaluate their relationship to age, sex, and verbal abilities. We found metabolic differences in GABA+ concentrations between the left and right auditory cortex in TDC and ASD. However, no significance was found between TDC and ASD or between ASD with intact speech and impaired speech.

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Yan Li¹, Marisa Lafontaine¹, Duan Xu¹, Yi Li¹, and Carly Demopoulos^1
1University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States

Keywords: Psychiatric Disorders, Pediatric, autism, diffusion

 In this study, we performed diffusion weighted imaging in subjects with Autism Spectrum Disorder and typically growing controls (TDC) to compare the differences in apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values between the two groups and examine their relationship to speech impairment.

Huan Ma¹, Yingying Ding¹, Jianzhong Yang², Kun Li¹, Dafu Zhang¹, Xiaoyong Zhang³, and Zhongping Zhang^4
1Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China, ²Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China, ³Clinical Science, Philips Healthcare, Chengdu, China, Chengdu, China, ⁴Philips Healthcare，Guangzhou China, Guangzhou, China

Keywords: Psychiatric Disorders, Adolescents, Major depressive disorder, Subthreshold depression, Magnetic resonance imaging, Radiomics, Machine learning

We developed a radiomics classifier for MDD and StD in adolescents with multiscale structural MRI after normalization, and it had the best performance and was superior to the classifier based on conventional image indicators and unnormalized radiomics features. The AUC, sensitivity, and accuracy for discriminating MDD and HC, MDD and StD, StD and HC were 0.928, 89.2% and 90.5%, 0.821, 73.0% and 80.8%, 0.836%, 82.4% and 79.7% respectively. The high discriminant radiomics features of cuneiform lobe and cerebellum (lobule ⅵ, ⅶ-b and ⅹ, 4/5 area of cerebellar vermis) played a key role in the pathophysiological mechanism of MDD and StD.

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Lingyu Jian^1,2, Junfeng Li³, Kefeng Li⁴, Xiaoyong Zhang⁵, and Min Luo^6
1Changzhi Medcal College, Changzhi, China, ²Zigong Fourth People‘s Hospital, Zigong, China, ³Heping Hospital Affiliated to Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, China, ⁴Centre for Artificial Intelligence Driven Drug Discovery, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao, China, ⁵Clinical Science,Philips Healthcare, Chengdu, China, ⁶Zigong Fourth People‘s Hospital, ZIgong, China

Keywords: Psychiatric Disorders, Diffusion Tensor Imaging

The study is to explore the changes of white matter fiber tracts in adolescents with first-episode treatment-naive depression using a DTI-based AFQ method. Adolescent depression can cause damage to multiple white matter fiber tracts. The severity of depression is positively correlated with white matter fiber damage. The depression prediction model established has a certain accuracy in the diagnosis of adolescent depression. White matter fiber tract abnormalities may be the pathophysiological mechanism of depression and can be used as a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of depression.

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Zixuan Guo¹, Hong Yan¹, Xinyue Tang¹, long Qian², and Ying Wang^1
1Medical Imaging Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China, ²MR Research, GE Healthcare, Beijing, China

Keywords: Psychiatric Disorders, Brain, fMRI(resting state); Grey matter volume

Numerous neuroimaging studies conducted have shown functional and structural brain alterations in patients with ASD. We conducted a whole-brain voxel-wise meta-analysis to summarize previous inconsistent results by using Seed-based d Mapping software. In the present multimodal meta-analysis, functional and structural alterations in specific regions were found, which provide new insights into the quest for a neuroimaging-based marker for ASD.

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Mukesh Kumar¹, S Senthil Kumaran¹, Pankaj Pankaj¹, and Rajesh Sagar^2
1Dept. of NMR & MRI Facility, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, ²Department of psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India

Keywords: Psychiatric Disorders, Diffusion Tensor Imaging, Early-onset Schizophrenia

The study investigated white matter tracts disruption in early-onset Schizophrenia (EOS). Our finding revealed decreased white matter tracts fractional anisotropy (FA) and increased radial, axial and mean diffusivity in EOS as compared to controls, suggesting thinner packing of axon and fiber bundle. Disrupted white matter fibers may be associated with impaired neurobehavior in EOS.

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Ajay Sarawagi^1,2 and Anant Bahadur Patel^1,2
1Department of NMR Microimaging and Spectroscopy, CSIR - Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabd, India, ²Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India

Keywords: Psychiatric Disorders, Spectroscopy, Metabolism, Glutamate, GABA, 13C NMR

Electroconvulsive therapy is an effective treatment for chemo-resistant depression. The impact of electroconvulsive shock (ECS) on cognition and neurometabolism is not clear. The memory of mice was evaluated using Y-maze test. The rates of glucose oxidation (CMR_Glc(ox)) were measured by ¹H-[¹³C]-NMR spectroscopy together with an infusion of [1,6-¹³C₂]glucose after 24 hours and 3 months of the repeated ECS. The spontaneous alternation was decreased after 24 h and 1 month of repeated ECS, and was restored after two months. The CMR_Glc(ox) was reduced in PFC after 24 h of ECS. These changes were normalized after 3 months of ECS.

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Dongyue Zhou¹, Yunge Zhang¹, Siting Xiong¹, Wei Zhao¹, Fengyu Cong¹, and Huanjie Li^1
1Dalian University of Technology, Dalian,Liaoning, China

Keywords: Gray Matter, Multimodal, Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD); multiple kernel learning (MKL); structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI); multi-feature-based network (MFN)

 Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) diagnosis based on sMRI can be more objective than clinical scales due to high heterogeneity. However, accuracies on large heterogeneous datasets were not high. We used age-specific features based on ABIDE II dataset to distinguish ASD and control. In the meanwhile, we combined two kinds of age-specific structural features including regional and interregional features using multiple kernel learning (MKL) to complement each other. Results showed that our procedure achieved accuracy of more than 85 percent on discriminating ASD from control.

Ekaterina Krupina¹, Andrei Valerievich Manzhurtsev^2,3,4, Maxim Vadimovich Ublinskiy^2,3, Olga Vasilievna Bozhko³, Galina Mamedova⁵, Vadim Ushakov^1,5,6, Natalia Zakharova⁵, Vasiliy Leonidovich Yarnykh^7,8, Denis Andreyuk⁵, Maxim Borisovich Shlyapnikov⁵, Georgiy Kostiuk⁵, and Tolib Abdullaevich Akhadov^3
1National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow, Russian Federation, ²Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation, ³Clinical and Research Institute of Emergency Pediatric Surgery and Trauma, Moscow, Russian Federation, ⁴Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation, ⁵Psychiatric Clinical Hospital 1 named N.A. Alekseev., Moscow, Russian Federation, ⁶Institute for Advanced Brain Studies, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation, ⁷Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, ⁸Laboratory of Neurobiology, Research Institute of Biology and Biophysics, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russian Federation

Keywords: Psychiatric Disorders, Nervous system, myelin, schizophrenia

The purpose of this study is to identify quantitative alterations of the myelin content using the macromolecular proton fraction (MPF) method. Forty-five subjects, 22 controls and 23 schizophrenia patients participated in the study. A significant decrease in myelination in schizophrenia was observed in the left and right cerebral cortex and in the left and right cerebral white matter. No myelination alterations in the entire cerebellum (not separated into regions) were detected. The differences found in the regional and global myelination at an early stage of schizophrenia may provide additional information for understanding the biological mechanisms of the disease.

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Qi Zhang¹, Hui Sun¹, Jiaxin Zeng¹, Xia Wei¹, Huaiqiang Sun¹, Naici Liu¹, Chengmin Yang¹, Wenjing Zhang¹, Jing Dai², Qiyong Gong¹, and Su Lui^1
1Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China, ²The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China

Keywords: Psychiatric Disorders, Psychiatric Disorders, schizophrenia

The present study recruited a Chinese Han cohort of first-episode patients with never-treated schizophrenia. Partial least squares regression was used to investigate the functional connectivity specifically related to obsessive-compulsive symptom and the results mainly involved the frontal lobe, insula, temporal lobe, and Rolandic operculum. Using association rules, we dug that Calcium level exhibited a bidirectional effect with the strength of the connection between the right Rolandic operculum and the right insula, especially regarding PCDHGB1 expression in the right Rolandic operculum.

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Yulu Song^1,2, Kathleen E. Hupfeld^1,2, Christopher W. Davies-Jenkins^1,2, Helge Zöllner^1,2, Deana Crocetti³, Steve C.N. Hui^1,2, Vivek Yedavalli¹, Georg Oeltzschner^1,2, Natalie Alessi³, Mitchell A. Batschelett³, Nicolaas A.J. Puts^4,5, Stewart H. Mostofsky^3,6,7, and Richard A.E. Edden^1,2
1The Russel H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States, ²F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States, ³Center for Neurodevelopmental and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States, ⁴Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom, ⁵MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom, ⁶Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States, ⁷Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States

Keywords: Psychiatric Disorders, Spectroscopy, Autism

Redox imbalance has been suggested as a pathophysiological factor in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Edited MRS can be used to measure levels of glutathione, the most abundant redox compound in the brain. This study aims to compare glutathione levels in autistic children and typically developing children (TDC). Edited data were collected from the primary sensorimotor cortex (SM1) in 34 children with ASD and 31 TDC and quantified using Osprey. No difference was found in GSH levels in the SM1 between these two groups.

Qin Liu¹, Weiyin Vivian Liu², Jianjian Cai¹, and Tian Tian^1
1Department of Radiology, Tongji Hosptial, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China, ²MR Research, GE Healthcare, Beijing, China

Keywords: Psychiatric Disorders, Trauma, childhood trauma.

Childhood trauma is prevalent in our society, but little is known about why and how different forms of early traumatic experiences exert long-term effects on differential brain function in adulthood. This study aimed to measure experience-specific neural correlates of distinct subtypes of childhood trauma. Our data showed the differential associations of abusive and neglectful experiences with brain function in adulthood. These experience-specific associations could underpin potentially differential risks of specific forms of psychiatric sequelae in adulthood. More attention to maltreated children and timely psychological treatment are needed to reduce the incidence of psychosis.

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Qian Li¹, Youjin Zhao¹, Yaxuan Wang¹, Fenghua Long¹, Qiyong Gong¹, and Fei Li^1
1Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

Keywords: Psychiatric Disorders, Brain, major depressive disorder

Major depressive disorder (MDD) showed both clinical symptoms and cognitive deficits. Prior studies have typically examined either symptoms or cognition correlated with brain measures, thus causing a paucity of stable brain markers that capture the full characteristics of MDD. Sparse canonical correlation analysis was used to assess the associations between two multi-dimensional clinical measurements (symptoms and cognition) and brain controllability of MDD. Average controllability of dorsal attention network (DAN) and visual network reached high associations with clinical variates in MDD, and altered controllability of DAN in patients could induce impairment of cognitive flexibility, and thus cause severe depressed mood.