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Adam Autry¹, Sana Vaziri¹, Hsin-Yu Chen¹, Yaewon Kim¹, Duey Dang¹, Javier Villanueva-Meyer¹, Susan M Chang², Jennifer Clarke², Nancy A Oberheim-Bush², Robert Bok¹, Duan Xu¹, Janine M Lupo¹, Daniel B Vigneron¹, Jeremy Gordon¹, and Yan Li^1
1Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States, ²Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States

Keywords: Gray Matter, Hyperpolarized MR (Non-Gas), metabolism

Following hyperpolarized [1-¹³C]pyruvate MRI studies that demonstrated insights into brain metabolism using saturation experiments, this study sought to assess whether metabolic pathways probed by [2-¹³C]pyruvate could similarly be interrogated. Our investigation showed that not exciting [2-¹³C]lactate led to a 2-fold increase in [5-¹³C]glutamate signal, which may indicate compartmentalized metabolism in the brain.

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André Döring¹, Frank Rösler², Kadir Şimşek^1,3, Karl Landheer⁴, Roland Kreis^5,6, Wolfgang Bogner⁷, and Derek K Jones^1
1Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom, ²Department of Mathematics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, ³School of Computer Science and Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom, ⁴Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Tarrytown, New York, NY, United States, ⁵Magnetic Resonance Methodology, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Bern, Bern, Switzerland, ⁶Translational Imaging Center, sitem-insel, Bern, Switzerland, ⁷High-field MR Centre, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

Keywords: Gray Matter, Spectroscopy, Spherical Tensor Encoding, Diffusion, Metabolites

Diffusion-weighted MR spectroscopy (DW-MRS) can measure diffusion properties of cell type-specific and intracellular metabolites. However, for advanced microstructure modeling, diffusion of brain metabolites has to be measured at specific length scales and with specific structural sensitivity. To this end, new diffusion encoding strategies have been developed, but not all have found their ways into DW-MRS. In this work, we fill this gap for spherical-tensor-encoding (STE), providing the first evidence that useful diffusion metrices of human brain metabolites can be quantified by combining DW-MRS, STE, and ultra-strong gradients.

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Leyre Garcia-Ruiz^1,2, Karol M. Córdoba³, Daniel Jericó³, Maite Aznárez-Sanado⁴, Marta Vidorreta⁵, Antonio Fontanellas³, and Maria A. Fernández-Seara^1,2
1Radiology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain, ²IdiSNA,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain, ³Hepatology, CIMA Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain, ⁴School of Education and Psychology Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain, ⁵Siemens Healthcare, Madrid, Spain

Keywords: Gray Matter, Arterial spin labelling, Animal, Preclinical, White Matter

A pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (pCASL) technique was implemented on a Siemens 3T Skyra for quantitative cerebral blood flow (CBF) measurements in non-human primates (rhesus monkeys). Different regions were manually segmented based on T1 weighted images. ASL images were obtained in 10 min with 2.2-mm isotropic resolution. Whole brain CBF was 32.40±14.61 ml/100g/min (n=8) for female and 44.28±24.61 ml/100 g/min for male (n=4) rhesus monkeys under ketamine and midazolam anesthesia. Gender differences of CBF among brain regions will be address in this study.

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Alberto De Luca¹ and Alexander Leemans^1
1Division Imaging and Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands

Keywords: Gray Matter, Tractography & Fibre Modelling

Spherical deconvolution is commonly employed to reconstruct fiber orientations distributions with brain diffusion MRI. A key assumption in spherical deconvolution is that all brain fibers share the same microstructural properties. This is unlikely the case in white matter, but even more so in grey matter. Here, we propose a novel framework to perform spherical deconvolution with fiber specific models. As such, this framework allows to quantify diffusion properties associated to each fiber orientation. In this work, we showcase the application of this framework to investigate the organization of the brain cortex high resolution diffusion MRI data.

Qingyuan Li^1,2,3,4, Song Wang^2,3,4, Xiao Li¹, and Qiyong Gong^3,5
1Department of Interventional Therapy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China, ²Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China, ³Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China, ⁴Functional & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China, ⁵Department of Radiology, West China Xiamen Hospital of Sichuan University, Xiamen, China

Keywords: Gray Matter, Brain

Our meta-analysis reveals that extraversion was linked with resting-state brain activity differences widely distributed across cortical and subcortical regions involved in emotion and behavioral regulation. The meta-regression results suggest an effect of gender on the association between extraversion and neural activity in the right inferior frontal gyrus. Our findings support that extraversion could lead to neural activity changes, which may be correlated with behavioral differences between extraverts and introverts.

Liu Renyuan¹, Rong Ping¹, Han Xiaowei¹, and Zhang Bing^1
1Radiology, Drum Tower hospital, Nanjing, China

Keywords: Gray Matter, Cancer

The pathophysiological and biochemical effects of lung cancer and chemotherapy would result in abnormal alterations of brain morphometry. In particular, chemotherapy could endanger critical cognition-related subcortical nucleus, such as amygdala.

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Alexandre CABANE^1,2, Arnaud LE TROTER^1,2, Benoit TESTUD^1,2, Stephan GRIMALDI^1,2, Maxim GUYE^1,2, Jean Philippe RANJEVA^1,2, and Ludovic DE ROCHEFORT^1,2
1Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille, France, ²AP-HM, CHU Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France

Keywords: Gray Matter, Quantitative Susceptibility mapping, T1, high-resolution multi-modal template

The segmentation of brain substructures is very useful in the characterization of alterations involved in multiple diseases. From 200 7T brain MRI scan including MP2RAGE and MGRE used to generate quantitative T1 maps (qT1), R2* and QSM volumes, a pipeline was developed to create a high-resolution multi-modal template at (400 µm)³ based on these multiple quantitative imaging modalities. Preliminary results show that multi-modality allows for a more precise parcellation of the SN, RN and STH substructures.

 

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Yuan Li¹, Yuhan Jiang¹, Bingbing Gao¹, Mingrui Qu¹, Liangjie Lin², Qingwei Song¹, and Yanwei Miao^1
1the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China, ²Philips Healthcare, Beijing, China

Keywords: Gray Matter, Kidney

Both depression and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) may affect the pattern of iron deposition in human brain. This study aimed to quantify the changes of brain iron deposition in ESRD patients with and without depression using quantitative susceptibility mapping, and to further explore the effect of depression on iron deposition pattern in ESRD patients. Results showed that ESRD patients had increased brain iron deposition compared with heathy controls, especially in the left putamen and the right red nucleus, and ESRD patients with depression had less increase in iron deposition than those without depression.

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Meiru Bu¹, Xi Deng¹, Lingling Shi², Wei Cui³, Long Qian³, Zisan Zeng¹, and Muliang Jiang^1
1Radiology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China, ²Hematology Department of The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China, ³MR Research, GE Healthcare, Beijing, China, Beijing, China

Keywords: Gray Matter, Blood, Beta-thalassemia

Beta-thalassemia (β-TM) is a chronic blood disorder presenting with severe anemia. However, the abnormalities of microstructure in cortical regions are still unclear. Herein, we explored the difference of quantitative MRI parameters in gray matter between β-TM patients and healthy controls. The results showed that altered T1 and T2 values in specific gray matter in β-TM patients, which may be associated with alteration in brain gray matter, such as reduced myelin content and excessive iron deposition. Thus, T1 and T2 quantitative variables may be promising imaging markers for further exploring the pathophysiological mechanisms of β-TM.

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Meiru Bu¹, Xi Deng¹, Lingling Shi², Wei Cui³, Long Qian³, Zisan Zeng¹, and Muliang Jiang^1
1Radiology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China, ²Hematology Department of The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China, ³MR Research, GE Healthcare, Beijing, China, Beijing, China

Keywords: Gray Matter, Blood, Beta-thalassemia

Beta-thalassemia (β-TM) is an inherited blood disorder that causes the body to make less hemoglobin. In this study, we examined altered cortical susceptibility heterogeneity in patients with β-TM vs. healthy controls using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). For the altered regions of susceptibility heterogeneities in the β-TM group, an increase was only found in the left hippocampus, while decreased heterogeneities were observed for all other regions located in the frontal and temporal lobes. Thus, we concluded that susceptibility heterogeneities could reveal the β-TM-affecting regions.

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Xi Deng¹, Meiru Bu¹, Meiqing Wu², Wei Cui³, Long Qian³, Zisan Zeng¹, and Muliang Jiang^1
1Radiology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China, ²Hematology Department of The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China, ³MR Research, GE Healthcare, Beijing, China, Beijing, China

Keywords: Gray Matter, Blood, Beta-thalassemia; T2 heterogeneity;

Beta-thalassemia (β-TM) is an inherited blood disorder with severe anemia. In this study, we investigated alterations of T2 heterogeneity in cortical regions caused by β-TM using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Compared with healthy controls, β-TM patients showed increased T2 heterogeneities in bilateral inferior orbitofrontal, left calcarine, left cuneus and left superior occipital lobe, while no decreased T2 heterogeneity was observed. Thus, we concluded that T2 heterogeneities could reveal the β-TM-affecting T2 alterations in brain.

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Jun Wang^1,2, Guangyao Liu^2,3, Pengfei Zhang¹, Wenjing Huang¹, Kai Ai⁴, and Jing Zhang^2,3
1Second Clinical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China, ²Department of Magnetic Resonance, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China, ³Gansu Province Clinical Research Center for Functional and Molecular Imaging, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China, ⁴Department of clinical science, Philips Healthcare, Xi’an, China

Keywords: Gray Matter, fMRI (resting state)

Functional connectivity is altered in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), but its histological basis is unknown. We used resting-state fMRI imaging combined with transcriptomics to examine changes in functional connectivity gradients in IBS patients and their corresponding gene regulatory basis. The reduced connectivity gradients and contractions in IBS patients compared to healthy controls were mainly involved in primary sensory and cross-modal structural domains and were associated with aberrant expression of genes related to neurological development. These results reveal gradient dysfunction of large-scale functional connectomes in IBS and elucidate the role of abnormal gene-function connectivity in the disease.
 

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Larry A. Kramer¹, Khader M Hasan¹, Lindsey Bishop², Xu Zhang³, Karina Marshall-Goebel⁴, Brandon Macias⁵, Steven S Laurie⁶, and Bryn Martin^7,8
1Diagnostic Imaging and Intervention, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States, ²University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States, ³Clinical and Translational Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States, ⁴Karina Marshall-Goebel, NASA, Houston, TX, United States, ⁵NASA, Houston, TX, United States, ⁶KBR, Houston, TX, United States, ⁷Acyonetx, Moscow, ID, United States, ⁸Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States

Keywords: Blood vessels, Quantitative Imaging, Microgravity, Head down tilt, Spaceflight Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome

Lower body negative pressure applied a total of 6 hours daily during 29 days of head down tilt bed rest shows promise as a countermeasure to spaceflight acquired neuro-ocular syndrome. 

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Chad Harris¹, Andrew Curtis¹, Curtis Wiens¹, Jurgen Germann^2,3, Alexandre Boutet^2,3, Andres M Lozano^2,3, and Jeff Stainsby^1
1MR, Synaptive Medical, Toronto, ON, Canada, ²University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada, ³University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

Keywords: Epilepsy, Contrast Mechanisms

The utility of visualizing deep brain stimulation targets at 0.5T was explored. 3D SWI images show direct visualization of the subthalamic nuclei and surrounding iron-rich structures. With the excellent gray-white matter contrast possible at mid-field, 3D T1-weighted imaging can directly visualize the globus pallidus interna. The elevated T1 contrast produces excellent 3D T1-weighted imaging at multiple inversion times which are suitable for, and aid in, atlas-based segmentation approaches for DBS targeting.

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Luis Ancari¹, Abril Vergne^2,3, María Paula Del Popolo^2,3,4, Guillermo Alvarez³, Clara Lisazo³, Federico Julián González^1,3, Sebastián Moguilner⁵, Maximo Melchor^2,3, Trinidad González^3,6, and Daniel Fino^1,3,4
1Instituto Balseiro, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Bariloche, Argentina, ²Universidad de Mendoza, Mendoza, Argentina, ³Fundación Escuela de Medicina Nuclear, Mendoza, Argentina, ⁴Fundacion Argentina para el Desarollo en Salud, Mendoza, Argentina, ⁵Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States, ⁶Fundación Argentina para el Desarrollo en Salud, Mendoza, Argentina

Keywords: Tumors, Radiotherapy

Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is a minimally invasive procedure that reduces tumor size without subjecting surrounding organs at risk (OAR) to harmful radiation levels. The delimitation of OAR in SRS planning, and the conservation of the prescribed dose in tumoral regions, can be improved by the implementation of independent component analysis to obtain resting-state fMRI networks (RSNs). In this aspect, AI plays an important role to decrease computational-processing times while increasing the method’s efficiency. One of the main solved challenges was the lack of compatibility between the Nifti protocol (RSNs format) and the treatment planning system’s protocol (coordinate system of CT-simulation).

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Wenjiao Lyu¹, Ye Wu¹, Khoi Minh Huynh¹, Sahar Ahmad¹, and Pew-Thian Yap^1
1Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center (BRIC), The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States

Keywords: Multimodal, Multimodal, Cerebellum; atlas;

The human cerebellum is engaged in a broad array of tasks related to motor coordination, cognition, and emotional regulation. Here, we construct a cerebellar atlas using high-resolution multimodal MRI, capturing multiple characteristics of the cerebellum, including cortical morphology, tissue microstructure, and cerebellar/cerebello-cerebral connectivity. Our atlas facilitates the understanding of the neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration of the cerebellum.

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Kazuki Kunieda¹, Kazuyuki Makihara¹, Shigehito Yamada², and Yasuhiko Terada^1
1Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan, ²Congenital Anomaly Research Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan

Keywords: Brain Connectivity, Microstructure

Brain structures of human embryos are several tens of micrometers in size, and MR microscopy is essential for elucidating human embryos. However, conventional fast T1-weighted imaging could not delineate some critical structures. In this study, T1, T2, and T2* values were measured to simulate the contrast of each tissue of the human embryo brain, and MR images were acquired at the extremely high resolution of (30 μm)³ using pulse sequences that emphasized the contrast difference in the brain structures. This technique would unveil the three-dimensional microstructure and developmental process of the brain’s central nervous system in its early stages.

Xuan Wei^1
1Department of Radiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

Keywords: Head & Neck/ENT, Treatment

In this study, we performed brain surface-based morphometry to evaluate changes in sulcal depth after sound therapy in patients with idiopathic tinnitus. Our results showed thatsulcal depth was signiêcantly reduced in the left medial temporal cortex (MTC) and right somatosensory and motor cortex (SMC) of patients with tinnitus compared to the healthycontrols, but increased signiêcantly at 24 weeks after sound therapy. Therefore, sulcal depth in the auditory sensory regions of the brain is a potential neuroimaging biomarker forevaluating treatment eìcacy in tinnitus patients.

Ping Liu¹, Gui-Hua Jiang¹, and Wan-Yi Zheng^2
1Medical Imaging, Guangdong Second Pronvincal General Hospital, Guang Zhou, China, ²Jinan university, Guang Zhou, China

Keywords: Head & Neck/ENT, Neuro, dysthyroid optic neuropathy,thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy

Dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON) due to thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is characterized by visual dysfunction and with a risk of blindness. Visual cortex is crucial for visual information, and visual impairments can affect brain activity. We investigated visual cortex functional connectivity (FC) alterations in DON and its associations with visual performance. The DON showed disrupted FC in the visual cortex, and the FC in primary rather than the secondary visual cortex associated with clinical parameters. It helps to uncover the neurological mechanisms underlying visual dysfunction and provides insight into novel therapeutic regimens to slow or prevent the neuropathy.

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Jiayu Lin¹, Wei Su¹, Xiaoyu Du², Zhenhua Sun³, Xiang Zhang⁴, Kaihua Zhang¹, and Xiaoxia Du^5
1School of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Ji’nan, Shandong, P. R. China, Jinan, China, ²The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, ³Linyi University, Linyi, China, ⁴Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China, ⁵Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China

Keywords: Head & Neck/ENT, fMRI (task based)

After giving birth, women will experience a series of physiological and psychological changes. Exploring the changes in postpartum women's neurological function contributes to comprehending their cognitive and emotional processing mechanisms. Therefore, we recruited 43 new mothers and 26 nulliparous women to participate in the current fMRI study based on the baby sounds’ task. Results suggested that the brain function of new mothers showed dynamic plasticity in the temporal lobe. This study reflected the adaptive changes in new mothers' brain function toward nurturing the babies.